F 

826 
.W53 
1908 


DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY 

OF 

UTAH 


9/0.7 
W63 


WIDTSOB 
PETERSON 


Rand  M^Nally  &  Ca 


LIBRARY 
Connecticut  State  College 


Vol. 


XX&SJL 


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BOOK    910.7  W63    c    1 

WIDTSOF  »  DODGfS  GFOORAPHY  ( 

UTHA  BY  WIDTSOf  ANO  PETERSON 


3  T153  ODSObSbb  M 


This  Book  may  be  kept  out 

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DODGE'S 
GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 

By 

JOHN   A.    WIDTSOE 

President  of  the  Agricultural  College  of  Utah 
ami 

WILLIAM    PETERSON 

Professor  of  Geology,   tlie  Agricultural  College  of  Utah 
Part  I 

UTAH   AS   A   WHOLE 

Part  II 

THE   GROWTH   AND   DEVELOPMENT   OF   CITIES 

Pari  III 

STATISTICS  AND   AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


CHICAGO  NEW    YORK  LONDON 

RAND,    McNALLY   &  COMPANY 


I^otigc's  <§roarapi)ical  Merits 

By  Richard  Elwood  dodge 

Professor  of  Geog^raphy,  Teachers  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York  City 


Dodge's  Two-Book  Series  of  Geography 


DODGE'S  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY   . 

Special  Method:    Causal  Relations  treated  by  induction, 
ing  from  consequences  to 


$    .65 
Reason- 


PART  7— HOME  GEOGRAPHY 

Central  Thought:  The  relation  of  the  individual  pupil  to  all  parts 
of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  commercially 
and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS  AND  THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central    Thought:     The  relation    of    the  individual  pupil  to   the 
world   as  a  whole,  showing   the   interdependence  of   nations  com- 
mercially and   industrially,   and   placing  special   emphasis  on   the 
lives  and  occupations  of  the  people. 

DODGE'S  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY $1.20 

Special  Method:  Causal  Relations  treated  by  deduction.  Reason- 
ing from  causes  to  consequences. 

PART  /—THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  GEOGRAPHY 

Central  thought:  The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 
cal environment. 

PART  //—COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 
CONTINENTS 
Central   Thought:     Commerce  and  industry  as  well  as  political 
divisions  the  outgrowth  of  physical  conditions,  the  reasons  there- 
for,  and   comparisons  of    these    and    other    points    in    the   various 
countries. 


Dodge's  Geography  by  Grades 

Book     One.      HOME     GEOGRAPHY     AND     WORLD 

RELATIONS $  -35 

PART  /—HOME  GEOGRAPHY 
Central  Thought:     The    relation    of    the    individual    pupil    to   all 
parts  of  his  country,  showing  the  interdependence  of  people  com- 
mercially and  industrially. 

PART  //—WORLD  RELATIONS 
Central  Thought:     The   relation  of    the  individual  pupil  to   the 
world  as  a  whole,  showing  the  interdependence  of  nations  commer- 
cially and  industrially. 

Book  Two.  ELEMENTS  OF  CONTINENTAL  GEOG- 
RAPHY   $  .50 

Special  emphasis  on  the  lives  and  occupations  of  people. 

Special  Method  Books  One  and  Two:  Causal  Relations  treated 
by  induction.      Reasoning  from  consequences  to  causes. 

Book  Three.  PRINCIPLES  OF  GEOGRAPHY  AND 
NORTH  AMERICA $  .75 

Central  Thought:  The  dependence  of  life  and  industry  on  physi- 
cal environment. 

Book  Four.  COMPARATIVE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  THE 
CONTINENTS $  .70 

Central  Thought:  Commerce  and  industry  as  well  as  political 
divisions  the  outgrowth  of  physical  conditions,  the  reasons  therefor, 
and  comparisons  of  these  and  other  points  in  the  various  countries. 

Special  Method  Books  Three  and  Four:  Causal  Relations  treated 
by  deduction.     Reasoning  from  causes  to  consequences. 


GENERAL  CRITICS  FOR  BOTH  SERIES 

J.  PAUL  GOODE.  Assistant   Professor  of  Geography,  the  University  of  ChicaKo.  and 

ELLEN  C.  SEMPLE,  author  of  "American  History  and  Its  Geographic  Conditions."  Louisville,  Ky. 


SPECIAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ELEMENTARY  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  I.  AND  II.  BY  GRADES 

College.   New  York,  and 
Binghamton,  N.   Y. 


AMY  SCHf'SSLER.  Principal  of  Spever  School.  Teache 
ANMA   F.  STONE.   Principal  of  Grammar  School   No.    i< 


SPECIAL  CRITICS  FOR  THE  ADVANCED  GEOGRAPHY  AND  BOOKS  III.  AND  IV.  BY  GRADES 

ELIZXBETH  SMITH.  Department  of  Geography,  the  Chicago  Normal  School,  and 

C.\ROLINE  W.  HOTCHKISS,  Seventh  Grade,  Horace  Mann  School,  Teachers  College,  New    i  ork. 


Copyright,  iqoS 
By  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 


Chicago 


THE   INTRODUCTION 

HOME  Geography  is  usually  the  first  work  to  be  taken  up  in  any  study  of  geography 
because  beginning  students  need  to  know  first  the  geography  of  the  locality  in  which 
they  live,  in  which  they  are  most  interested,  and  with  which  they  are  most  familiar 
from  personal  experience.  The  results  gained  from  a  study  of  the  region  they  can  see  gives 
them  the  ability  to  understand  remote  regions  that  can  only  be  pictured  or  described  to  them. 
Because  our  own  home  locality  is  of  most  interest  to  us  is  also  a  reason  why  we  need  to  know 
it  better  than  we  need  to  know  any  other  region  of  the  world.  Hence  at  some  time  during 
the  school  course  it  is  most  valuable  to  make  a  careful  study  of  the  state  or  group  of  states  in 
which  we  live  that  we  may  have  a  better  understanding  of  the  geography  about  us  than  we 
can  get  from  the  necessarily  brief  accounts  given  in  a  text-book  of  geography. 

In  a  text-book  of  geography  we  study  the  relation  of  one  state  or  group  of  states  to  the 
whole  country  of  which  our  home  region  is  a  part,  and  our  commercial  relations  to  the  world 
as  a  whole.  It  follows  that  in  such  a  treatment  the  characteristics  that  distinguish  our  own 
home  regions  must  largely  be  lost  to  sight  in  the  consideration  of  the  great  features  that 
distinguish   the   country  as  a   whole. 

In  a  special  text -book  devoted  to  one  state  or  group  of  states  we  can  learn  more  about 
our  own  j-egion,  its  important  surface  features,  its  climate,  the  occupations  of  its  people,  its 
products,  its  local  commerce,  its  history,  its  chief  cities,  and  many  other  features  of  great 
interest  to  us.  Hence  we  need  to  make  a  special  study  of  our  home  locality  after  we  have 
studied  the  larger  region  of  which  it  is  an  important  part.  A  local  geography  is  not  only 
valuable  for  study  in  school  that  we  may  know  well  the  region  about  us,  but  it  is  valuable 
also  as  a  reference  volume  to  which  we  can  refer  for  facts  about  our  own  state  in  our  homes 
whenever  in  our  reading  or  conversation  some  question  arises  concerning  our  own  state  which 
needs  to  be  answered  at  once. 

In  this  text-book  the  surface  features,  the  climate,  the  soil  and  other  natural  resources 
which  determine  the  occupations  of  the  people  are  studied  first  because  they  are  the  large 
features  which  determine  the  distribution  and  success  of  industries.  One  of  the  great  lessons 
the  student  learns  in  geography  is  Man's  absolute  dependence  upon  Nature  for  his  existence. 
In  this  state,  as  in  other  regions,  topography  and  climate  pointed  out  the  path  of  development 
that  communities  must  follow  in  order  to  make  sure  their  existence  within  its  borders.  In  the 
pages  that  follow,  the  student  finds  traced  the  fundamental  conditions  that  have  moulded  the 
life  of  the  state.  After  these  come  the  historical  events  that  are  landmarks  in  its  growth,  and 
then  the  study  of  the  industrial  and  commercial  features  is  taken  up.  To  these,  which  explain 
the  reasons  for  the  development  and  growth  of  the  larger  cities,  and  which  show  us  why  our 
own  region  is  important  to  the  country  as  a  whole,  careful  attention  has  been  given. 

Certain  facts  like  the  distribution  and  character  of  educational  institutions,  the  distribution 
of  congressional  districts,  and  the  form  of  government  in  the  region  are  included,  because  our 
knowledge  of  our  own  locality  would  be  incomplete  without  them.  These  fittingly  illustrate 
the  political  unity  that  binds  together  the  interests  of  all  the  individuals  who  form  the  body- 
politic  which  we  call  the  state. 

That  this  book  may  prove  especially  valuable  as  a  reference  work  which  may  properly 
be  made  a  part  of  the  family  library  for  constant  consultation  on  many  points,  carefully 
prepared   diagrams,  tables  of   statistics,  and   references  to   further  reading  have  been  included. 

RICHARD  ELWOOD  DODGE. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


7  he  Introdnction 


THE    TABLE    OF    CONTENTS 


PART  I.     UTAH  AS  A   WHOLE 


Size  and  Location 7 

Surface ...  7 

Geology 12 

Soils 13 

Drainage 13 

Great  Salt  Lake 15 

Climate 16 

Plants  and  Aiaimals 17 

History iS 

Indvistrial  Growth 19 

Irrigation 19 


PAGE 

Agriculture 20 

Horticulture 22 

Live  Stock 22 

Minerals  and  Mining ...  24 

Manufactures ....  27 

Transportation  and  Trade 28 

Government 29 

State  Institutions -^o 

Education 30 

Population 32 


PART  II.     THE  (7R0WTH  AXD  DEVELOPMEXT  OE  CITIES  AXD  77^irA-5 


Distribution  of  Cities  and  Towns 

Salt  Lake  City  and  Neighboring  Cities  and  Towns. 

Ogden  and  Other  Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Lake 

Shore  Region 


PACE 

Cities  and  Towns  of  the  Cache  Valle)'  Region  .  .  36 
Provo  and  the  Neighboring  Cities  and  Towns  .  .  37 
Other  Cities  and  Towns  of  L'tah 38 


PART  III      STATISTICS  AXD  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  Utah  by  Coimties,  Fed- 
eral Census.  1900,  State  Estimates,  1900  ...     39 

Popvilation  of  Leading  Cities  and  Towns,  at  Each 
Federal  Census,  i860  to  1900,  State  Estimates, 
1908 39 

Population  of  Utah  at  Each  Federal  Census,  1S50 
to  1900 39 

State  or  Country  of  Birth  of  Population  of  Utah, 
1900 39 

Total  Production  of  Principal  Minerals  from  Janu- 
ary, 1880,  to  December  31,  1905 40 

Coal  Mined  in  Principal  Coal-bearing  Counties, 
State  Bureau  of  Statistics 40 

Value  of  Live  Stock  in  Utah,  Federal  Census,  1900, 
State  Bureau  of  Statistics,  1907  (Estimated).  40 

Some  Farm  Statistics  of  Utah,  State  Census,  1905.     40 


Value  of  Agricultural   Products,    Federal  Census, 
1900,  State  Bureau  of  Statistics,  1907     ...     40 

Forest  Reserves 40 

Elevations  of  the  Principal  Places  in  Utah  ...      40 
Irrigation  in  1902,  Government  Report  ....      41 
Leading  Manufacturing  Cities,   Facts   Concerning 
their   Industries,   Federal   Census,    1900,  Census 

Bulletin  37,  1905 41 

Some  of  the  Leading  Industries,  Value  of  Products, 

Federal  Census,  1900,  Census  Bulletin  37,  1905  .     41 
The    Principal    Items   of    Utah's   Wealth,    United 
States    Bureau    of    Statistics,    1900-1904,    and 
Estimates  of  Local  Bureau,   1906-1907  ...     41 

Suggestive  Questions 42 

Suggestions  for  Collateral  Reading 43 

Index 44 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF   UTAH 


A    LIST    OF    THE    MAPS    AND    DIAGRAMS 


A  Political  Map  of  Utah 8-9 

A  Relief  Map  of  Utah 10 

The  Original  Area  and  Reduction  of  Utah  .      .      .10 

A  Physical  Map  of  Utah 11 

The  Mean  Annual  Rainfall  of  Utah 16 

The  Average  Annual  Rainfall  at  Salt  Lake  City 

and  St.  George 16 

The  Average  Monthly  Rainfall  at  Salt  Lake  City 

and  St.  George 17 

The  Mean  Temperature  of  Utah  in    fanuarv  and 

July "..'..  I  7 

The  Location  of  Forest,  Indian,  and  Military  Re- 

ser\ations,  1908 18 

The  Earliest  Explorations  in  Utah 19 

The  Yield  of  Hay  per  Square  Mile,  1905  .  .  .21 
Proportions  of  Persons  Engaged  in  Each  Class  of 

Occupation,  Census  of  1900 21 

The  Production  of  Wheat  per  Square  Mile,  State 

Report  of  1905 21 


The  Production  of  Sugar  Beets  per  Square  Mile, 

State  Report  of  1905 23 

The  Number  of  Sheep  per  Square  Mile,  1905  .  .  24 
The  Distribution  of  the  Leading  Minerals  of  LUah.  25 
The  Value  of  the  Principal  Minerals  in  Millions  of 

Dollars  for  Periods  of  Five  Years  in  L'tah     .      .      26 
The  Growth  of   Manufacturing   Industries  Shown 

by  the  Value  of  Products  in  Millions  of  Dollars  .      2  7 
The  Leading  Educational  Institutions  of  L^tah.      .      31 
The  Population  in  Tens  of  Thousands  and  Density 
of  Population  per  Square  Mile  at  Each  Federal 

Census 32 

The  State  of  Birth  of  the  Native-bom  Population 
and  the  Percentage  of  Persons  from  Each  Speci- 
fied State  Living  in  Utah,  Census  of  1900      .      .      32 
The  Proportion  of  Foreign-bom  Population  of  Each 

Leading  Country,  Census  of  igoo 32 

The  Distribution  of  L^rban  Population  in  LUah      .      33 

A  Map  of  Salt  Lake -City 34 

A  Map  of  the  City  of  Ogden 36 


A    LIST    OP^    THE    ILLUSTRATIONS 


A  View  of  Great  Salt  Lake 7 

A  View  of  the  Great  Natural  Bridge  in  San  Juan 

County II 

Timpanogos  Peak,  AVasatch  Mountains  ....  11 

Glaciated  Area  in  the  Uintas 12 

The  Great  Organ  Rock,  Southwest  of  Bluff     .  12 

Conglomerate  near  Echo 12 

Rim  of  the  Buckskin  Mountains 13 

Bridal  Veil  Falls,  Provo  Canyon 13 

Grand  River  and  La  Sal  Mountains 13 

A  ^'iew   of  Weber  River  near  Peterson,   Morgan 

County 14 

A  Scene  on  Green  River 14 

Lake  Lucie   a  Glacial  Lake  in  Logan  County  14 

The  Pavilion  at  Saltair,  Great  Salt  Lake      .  15 

On  the  Shore  of  L^tah  Lake 15 

Bear  River  Canyon 20 

A  Peach  Orchard  in  Emery  County 20 

A  Field  of  Sugar  Beets,  Lehi 20 

A  Vie-w  of  the  Arid  Farming  District  at  Nephi.      .  22 

A  Lucem  Field  in  an  Arid  District 22 

Thinning  Beets  on  a  Utah  Valley  Farm.      .      .      .22 

A  Fruit  Orchard  in  Davis  County 23 

A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Range 24 

Cattle  Grazing  in  the  Utah  Valle}- 24 

Coal  Mines  and  Coke  Ovens,  Castlegate  .      .      .      .  25 

Head  House.  Galena  Mine,  Bingham  Canvon    .      .  2^ 


PACE 

Scene  at  a  Copper  Mine  in  Bingham  Canyon     .      .  26 

A  Portland  Cement  Factory  in  Weber  Canyon .      .  26 

A  Sampling  Mine  in  Bingham  Canyon     .      .      .      .  26 

A  Smelter  at  Bingham  Junction 27 

Salt  Piles,  Great  Salt  Lake 27 

Woolen  Mills  at  Provo 28 

A  Sugar-beet  Crusher,  Provo 28 

The  Railroad  Cut-off  Across  Great  Salt  Lake  .  .  28 
View  of  a  Railroad  on  its  Way  Through  Weber 

Canyon 29 

The  Federal  Building,  Salt  Lake  City      ....  29 

View  of  the  Agricultural  College,  Logan.      ...  30 

The  State  L'niversity,  Salt  Lake  Citj^  ....  30 
The    Latter-Day   Saints   University  at   Salt   Lake 

City  ..." ' 32 

The  City  and  County  Building,  Salt  Lake  City      .  35 

The  Temple  and  Tabernacle,  Salt  Lake  City  .  .  35 
A    General   View    of    the    Silver    King   Works    at 

Park  City 35 

Washington  Avenue,  Ogdcn 36 

Scene  in  the  Lake  Shore  Region,  near  Willard.      .  37 

Looking  Down  into  Logan 37 

A  Street  Scene  in  Provo 37 

Beet  Sugar  Factory  at  Lehi 38 

A  View  of  Eureka 38 

Castlegate,  the   Majestic  Gateway  to  Price  River 

Canvon t,& 


A  VIEW  OF  ROCK  CANYON  NEAR  PROVO. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF   UTAH 


By  John  A.  Widtsoe,  President,  and  William  Peterson,  Professor  of  Geology,  the  Agricultural  College  of  Utah. 


I.     UTAH  AS  A  WHOLE 

Size  and  Location.  The  state  of  Utah, 
lying  in  the  heart  of  the  plateau  section,  has 
an  area  larger  than  that  of  New  York  and 
Maine,  and  very  nearly  as  great  as  that  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  combined.  The 
original  area  when  Utah  was  set  apart  as  a 
territory,  September  9,  1850,  was  much  larger. 
(Fig.  4.)  It  was  "bounded  on  the  west  by 
the  state  of  California;  on  the  north  by  the 
territory  of  Oregon;  on  the  east  by  the  sitm- 
mit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  and  on  the 
south  by  the  37th  parallel  of  north  latitude." 

Since  that  time  large  parts  of  the  original 
territoiy  have  been  included  in  the  present 
states  of  Nevada,  Wyoming,  and  Colorado. 
The  southern  boundary,  however,  except  in 
length,  has  remained  unchanged.  The  pres- 
ent boundaries  of  the  state  are  all  meridians 
and  parallels.  It  stretches  from  37  degrees 
to  41  degrees  north  latitude,  and  from   109 


degrees  4  minutes  to  114  degrees  4  minutes 
west  longitude.  (Fig.  2.)  The  area  thus 
defined  comprises  84,970  square  miles,  of 
which  2,780  square  miles  are  water  surface. 
This  area  is  divided  into  twenty-seven  coun- 
ties. (Part  III,  p.  39.)  Of  these  San  Juan 
County  is  larger  than  Massachusetts,  and 
Boxelder  County  is  nearly  as  large  as  New 
Jersey. 

Owing  to  its  position  to  the  west  of  the 
best  passes  across  the  Roclc}^  Mountains, 
Utah  has  shared  in  the  railway  commerce 
between  the  Central  Western  and  the  Pacific 
Coast  states.  Its  larger  cities  have  grown 
up  near  these  passes  because  of  their  fa^•or- 
able  location  as  railway  centers. 

Surface.  The  surface  of  the  state  is 
extremely  varied  and  is  naturally  though 
roughly  divided  into  two  sections  by  the 
Wasatch  Mountains.  (Fig.  3.)  These  enter 
Utah  in  Cache  County  on  the  northern  bor- 
der, extending  southward  to  about  the  middle 


.4  I'lC'uj  of  Great  Salt  Lak 


Here  may  be  seen  Black  Rock,  one  of  the  most  historic  landmarks  of  the  state. 
[7] 


Fig.  2.     A  polUii  :il  map  of  Utah. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


of  the  state.  Beyond 
that  point,  losing  their 
identity  as  ranges, 
they  continue  south- 
westward  almost  to 
the  border  of  the  state 
in  a  series  of  high  but 
gradually  descending 
plateaus.  To  the  east 
of  these  ranges  lies  the 
plateau  region,  and  to 
the  west  the  Great 
Basin  with  its  interior 
drainage.     (Fig.  3.) 

The  plateau  ranges 
from  6,000  to  8,000 
feet  in-  height,  above 
which  rise  groups  like 
the  Henry,  Abajo,  and 
La  Sal  mountains, 
11,000  to  13,000  feet 
high.  Into  this  great 
plateau  on  the  south 
the  Colorado  has  cut 

its  world-famous  canyon.  This  is  an  enor- 
mous gorge  cut  by  the  river  from  the  plateau 
surface  far  down  into  the  nearly  horizontal 
rocks.  Below  may  be  seen  the  isolated  peaks 
left  between  the  small  side  streams  that  are 
actively  engaged  in  cutting  back  into  the  pla- 
teau. From  the  river  level,  several  thousand 
feet  below,  these 
peaks  rise  like 
veritable  moun- 
tains, higher  and 
fully  as  grand  as 
any  to  be  found 
among  the  Appa- 
lachians. In  some 
places  the  streams 
have  tunneled  a 
way  beneath  the 
horizontal  strata 
at  the  top  of  the 
plateau,    thereby 


forming  great  natural 
bridges.     (Fig.  5.) 

The  Great  Basin 
west  of  the  Wasatch 
Mountains  is  really  a 
region  of  many  basins 
or  broad  valleys  divid- 
ed by  narrow  moun- 
tain ranges.  Some  of 
these  basins  are  isola- 
lated ;  others  are  con- 
nected or  separated 
by  the  short  moun- 
tain ranges.  These 
ranges  rise  above  the 
plain  from  only  a 
few  hundred  to  about 
three  thousand  feet. 
They  are  known  as 
the  Basin  Ranges,  and 
are  block  mountains. 
We  call  them  block 
mountains,  because 
they  arc  blocks  of 


//(■/  map  of  Utah. 

strata  which  have  been  broken  and  slightly 
tilted,  and  not  folds  of  strata  like  the  Uinta 
Mountains  to  the  northeast.     Generally  the 
higher  portion  of  each  block  is  on  the  west, 
so  that  the  block  faces  the  west  in  a  steep 
front  and  east  slopes  gently  down  to  the  floor 
of  the  plain.     The  steep  side  represents  the 
line  along  which 
the  rocks  have 
been  broken,  or 
faulted,  and  later 
tilted.    The  edges 
of  the  blocks  are 
not  regular,  as 
might  be  expect- 
ed from  the  proc- 
ess of  formation, 
but  irregular  be- 
cause   running 
water  has  cut  val- 
leys back  into  the 


Fig.  4.     The  original  area  and  reductions  of  the  territory  of  Utah. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


During  the  development  of  the  Wasatch 
escarpment  a  small  block  was  cut  from  the 
Wasatch  group,  and,  as  a  result  of  this, 
the  mountain  front  has  two  escarpments 
from  Ogden  northward  to  the  state  line. 
Between  the  two  escarpments  lies  the  beau- 


FiG.  5.     A  view  of  tlic  grral  iianiral  I'rhigc  111  >an  Juan 

County.     The  width  of  the  great  span  is  ninety-four 

feet,  the  highest  elei'ation  from  top  to  bottom 

one  hundred  eight  feet,  white  tlie  roadway 

at  the  top  is  thirty  feet  wide. 

blocks,  and  carved  them  into  numerous  peaks 
and  ridges  similar  to  those  of  other  mountains. 
The  western  front  of  the  Wasatch  ;\Ioun- 
tains  is  formed  by  a  great  uplift  similar  in 
character  to  that  which  has  caused  the 
general  outline  of  the  block  mountains.  The 
displacement,  w-hich 
began  ages  ago,  and  is 
still  in  progress,  has 
slowly  raised  the  great 
escarpment  (Adv. 
Geog.,  p.  34)  to  the 
west  until  it  has 
amounted  to  many 
hundreds  of  feet.  Some 
of  this  uplift  has  been 
removed  by  the  rivers, 
and  as  a  result  of  this 
erosion  peaks  like  Tim- 
panogos  (12,300  feet) 
(Fig.  7)  have  been 
left.  That  portion 
known  as  the  Wasatch 
Plateau  (Fig.  3)  has  an 
elevation  ranging  from 
8,000  to  11,000  feet. 
Aquarius  Plateau,  far- 
ther south,  has  about 
the   same   elevation. 


Fig.  6.     A  physical  map  of  Utah. 


Fig.  7.     Timpanogos  Peak.  Wasatch  Momilaiiis.     These 
mountains  abound  in  grand  and  rugged  scenery. 

tiful  mountain-rimmed  Cache  Valley,  thirtj^ 
miles  long  and  ver}'  nearly  ten  miles  wide. 
The  Uinta  Mountains  are  a  broad,  dome- 
like uplift  100  miles 
long  and  cut  off  to  the 
north  by  a  fault.  In 
the  center  of  this  great 
arched  rock  the  strata 
are  horizontal.  Owing 
to  its  height,  rivers 
have  been  able  to  cut 
deep  into  this  area  and 
have  formed  many  pic- 
turesque canyons  and 
\alleys.  The  highest 
altitudes  in  the  state 
are  found  in  the 
Uintas.  (Fig.  6.)  Gil- 
bert Peak  with  an  ele- 
vation of  13,687  feet 
reaches  the  greatest 
height,  but  it  only 
slightly  exceeds  Em- 
mons Peak  (13,624 
feet),  Wilson  Peak 
13,300  feet),  Alount 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  8.    GlacincJ  area  in  the  V iiitas  at  the  head  of  Weber 

Canyon,    lee  passed  over  litis  section  so  recently  that 

the  rock  has  not  yet  had  time  to  weather  into  soil. 

Lovenia  (13,250   feet),  and 

Tokewanna  Peak  ( 13, 200  feet). 

This  whole  region  is  so  high 

that  once,  like  many  of  the 

peaks  of  the  Wasatch,  it  was 

covered  by   glaciers  which 

crept  far  down   the  valleys. 

The  evidence  of  the  glaciers  is 

seen   in   the   boulder-covered 

moraine    ridges,    and    in    the 

hundreds  of  glacial  lakes  (Fig. 

16)  which  add  much  to  the 

beauty  of  a  region  renowned 

for  the  grandeur  of  its  scenery. 

Geology.      The   rocks  which  Fif-J)-     The  great  origan  rock  southurst 

°-' .      .  of  Bluff.     This  rock  4go  feet  high  and 
outcrop  within   the  state,  and        j^ofeetwideatthebaseisaremark- 
r                I.-   I.    ii_        _i.             •  able  example  of  rock  sculpture. 

from  which   through  erosion  ^     '  ^ 

the  soils  have  been  derived,  vary  greatly  in 
character.  (Figs.  8,  9,  and  11.)  In  the  heart 
of  the  Uintas  and  in  the  Wasatch  ilountains 
extremely  ancient  crystalline  rocks  are  found. 
The  larger  portion,  however,  of  the  rocks  of 
these  mountain  masses  is  of  much  more  recent 
date.  The  history  of  the  development  of  the 
country  from  the  early  times  to  the  present 
is  long  and  complicated.  Only  a  few  of  the 
more  important  chapters  of  that  wonderful 
history  can  be  given  here.  The  great  earth 
movements  which  have  caused  the  uplifts 
which  have  already  been  described  are  recent 
events,    obviously   later   in    date    than    the 


formation  of  the  stratified  rocks  which  have 
been  uplifted  so  many  thousands  of  feet. 

Long,  long  ago  the  area  of  the  present  state 
of  Utah  lay  beneath  a  shallow  sea  which 
covered  a  large  portion  of  the  western  United 
States.  Into  this  great  body  of  water  the 
rivers  carried  detritus  from  the  lands  round 
about  it,  and  from  this  river-borne  material 
the  strata  now  seen  in  the  plateaus  were 
formed.  During  the  earlier  period  of  uplift, 
where  the  Uinta  and  Wasatch  mountains  now 
stand,  great  lakes  were  formed.  These  lakes 
were  partly  filled  by  the  work  of  the  rivers, 
and  were  thus  changed  into  swamps  in  which 
vegetation  abounded.  The 
remains  of  this  \-c'getation  is 
now  seen  in  the  coal  deposits 
of  the  state.     (Fig.  39.) 

At  a  later  period,  elevation 
began  anew  and  is  still  in 
progress.  As  the  region  slou'ly 
rose  the  rivers  kept  on  cutting 
back  into  the  rock  masses,  and 
thus  were  formed  the  great 
valleys  later  occupied  by  gla- 
ciers. Since  the  period  of 
glaciation  comparatively  little 
erosion  has  been  accomplished. 
(Fig.  8.)  Yet  the  rivers  are 
constantly  and  actively  at 
work  cutting  deeply  into  the 
rock  masses,  and  carrying  away  and 


Fig.  10.     Conglomerate  near  licho.     This  rock  weathers  so 
rapidly  that  little  vegetation  grows  on  tts  slopes. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


distributing  the  detritus  furnished  by  tlie 
weathering  and  decay  of  the  rocks.  (Fig.  lo.) 
Soils.  The  soils  of  Utah  are  chiefly  alluvial. 
In  the  river  valleys  and  on  the  plain  of  the 
Great  Basin  wherever  water  is  available  the 
coarse  or  fine  detritus  which  has  been  brought 


Fig.  II.     Rim  of  liuckskin  Alouniain,  the  roughest  coun- 
try i)!  the  world.     The  great  irregularity  of  the  uplift 
is  the  result  of  cutting  and  not  of  elevation. 

down  by  the  rivers  is  devoted  to  agriculture. 
The  soils  formed  directly  by  decay  of  the 
underlying  rocks  are  found 
chiefly  at  high  levels  and  are 
not  used  in  agriculture. 

Drainage.  With  the  excep- 
tion of  the  northwestern  por- 
tion of  the  state  where  the 
waters  all  flow  northward  to 
the  Snake  River,  the  rivers 
of  Utah,  like  the  surface,  are 
divided  into  two  groups.  The 
plateau  section  of  the  state  is 
drained  by  the  Colorado  and 
its  tributaries.  The  Great 
Basin  is  a  region  of  interior 
drainage;  that  is,  its  streams 
do  not  flow  to  either  ocean, 
but  the  waters  collect  in  the 
valleys  and  then  sink  into 
the  ground  or  are  evaporated. 
The  Green  River  (Fig.  15) 
drains  the  northern  portion  of 
the  plateau  by  means  of  its 


Fig.   12.     Bridal  Veil   Falls,  Provo 

Canyon,  in  a  region  of  great  scenic 

beauty  which  annually  attracts 

many  visitors. 


i'lr,.  1-5.    Grand  River  and  La  Sal  M i-!iiii.iiu~.      This  iso- 
lated mountain  group  rising  out  of  a  desert  plateau 
is  of  volcanic  origin,  with  summits  ranging  be- 
tween 11.800  and  I  J. 000  feet  in  altitude. 

tributaries,  Henrys  Fork,  Duchesne,  White, 
Price,  and  San  Rafael  rivers.  The  Grand 
River  (Fig.  13),  which  drains  the  west  cen- 
tral portion  of  Colorado,  flows  into  the  Green 
and  with  it  forms  the  Colorado.  The  Colo- 
rado, in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  state, 
receives  several  tributaries  from  the  west  and 
one  large  tributary,  the  San  Juan,  from  the 
east.  Fremont  or  Dirty  Devil 
River,  Escalante  River,  Paria 
River,  and  Virgin  River  drain 
the  high  plateau  of  southern 
Utah,  and  the  San  Juan  drains 
parts  of  New  Mexico  and 
Colorado.  In  certain  places 
these  streams  have  cut  deep 
picturesque  valleys,  and  along 
their  courses  are  found  the 
richest  alluvial  soils  of  the 
plateau  section. 

The  drainage  of  the  Great 
Basin  is  interesting  not  only 
because  the  Basin  is  the  great- 
est area  of  interior  drainage 
in  the  United  States,  but 
because  its  present  drainage 
differs  so  greatly  from  that  of 
the  remote  past.  The  larger 
part  of  the  Great  Basin  lying 
within    the   bounds   of  Utah 


14 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  i=; 


Fig.  14.     -4  view  of  Weber  River  near  Peterson,  Morgan 

County.     In  the  distance  may  be  seen 

Cottonwood  Mountain. 

was  once  occupied  by  a  great  fresh-water 
lake  that  drained  north  to  the  Snake  River. 
This  lake  covered  an  area  of  19,760  square 
miles  and  in 
places  was 
more  than  a 
thousand  feet 
deep.  It  had 
a  length  of  346 
miles ;  its  great- 
est width  was 
145  miles;  and 
its  shore  line 
approximately  2,550  miles.  Winds  beat  the 
lake  and  formed  great  waves  that  dashed  the 
waters  against  the  shore.  The  action  of  waves 
and  eddying  currents  along  the  shore  line 
resulted  in  such  peculiar  beach  forms  and 
deposits  as  are  now  to  be  seen  in  process  of 
development  along  the  shore  of  any  great  lake 
or  of  the  ocean.  As  the  water  dried  away, 
these  water-made  forms  were  exposed  to  view. 
To-day  these  old  shore  lines  plainly  recorded 
high  up  on'  the  mountain  sides  are,  next  to 
the  mountains  themselves,  the  most  conspic- 
uous features  of  the  Basin  area.  At  Provo 
and  at  Salt  Lake  City  the  old  shore  line  is 
especially  conspicuous  and  may  be  seen  run- 
ning along  the  sides  of  the  hills  as  clearly  now 
as  when  first  revealed.     Above  the  horizontal 


terraces  may  be  seen  the  gullies  and  ridges 
due  to  the  work  of  running  w^ater,  while 
below  the  shore  line  all  the  land  features 
are  more  or  less  horizontal. 

This  great  lake,  long  since  dried  up,  is 
known  as  Bonneville  in  honor  of  Captain 
Bonneville,  who  first  visited  this  region  in 
1 83 1,  and  who  gave  to  the  world  the  first 
account  of  this  wonderfully  interesting  region. 
During  the  existence  of  Lake  Bonneville 
the  climate  was  more  humid  or  moist  than 
it  now  is  and  abundant  streams  flow'ed  down 
the  mountain  sides.  The  higher  mountains 
were  covered  by  glaciers,  and  a  valley  glacier 
extended  down  from  the  Wasatch  Range  in 
Little  Cottonwood  Canyon  to  the  shores  of 
the  lake  itself. 

The  rock  waste  or  fine  detritus  washed  into 
the  lake  settled 
to  the  bottom 
or  floor  of  the 
lake  and,  as  the 
waters  dried 
away,  a  flat 
plain  covered 
by  rich  allu- 
vial soil  was  re- 
vealed. To  the 
west  the  soil  of  the  plain  is  so  full  of  salts  that 
it  is  barren  and  has  been  called  the  "Great 


Fig.  16.     Lake  Lucu\  a  (ilaciul  /dAi    ni  /..it;.!);  (  duyi^n. 

As  a  result  oj  the  blacking  o/  anLioit  valleys  leitk 

glacial  drift,  Utah  abounds  in  beautiful  lakes. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


IS 


American  Desert."  In 
the  east,  where  water 
is  available  for  culti- 
vation, this  plain  is  a 
region  unsurpassed  in 
fertility.  To-day  in 
the  lowest  portions  of 
the  old  lake  floor  are 
found  the  three  lakes, 
Great  Salt,  Utah,  and 
Sevier.  Salts  derived 
from  the  rocks  of  the 
land  were  dissolved  in 
the  great  mass  of  water 

in  Lake  Bonneville.  As  evaporation  reduced 
the  old  lake  to  the  present  smaller  lakes,  these 
salts  have  been  left  behind.  Then  as  the 
waters  decreased  in  amount  they  grew  more 
and  more  salty.  Hence  the  waters  of  the 
lowest  of  the  present  lakes,  Sevier  and  Great 
Salt,  are  extremely  salt. 

While  these  lakes  receive  several  small  trib- 
utaries from  the  higher,  moister  regions 
about  them,  only  a  small  number  of  the 
streams  formed  in  the  block  mountains  reach 
these  bodies  of  water.  The  larger  number 
of  streams  w^aste  away  or  their  waters  are 
absorbed  in  the  soils  at  the  foot  of  the  moun- 
tains, hence  they  disappear  as  streams. 

Sevier  River  flows  down  from  the  central 
plateau  section  and,  after  cutting  its  way 
through  the 
western  ridge 
of  the  Wasatch 
Mountains, 
flows  into  Se- 
vier Lake.  The 
Provo  River, 
the  Weber 
River  (Fig.  14), 
and  the  Bear 
River  (Fig.  25) 
all  rise  in  the 
western  end  of 
the  Uintas  and 


contribute  the  volume 
of  their  waters  to  Utah 
(Fig.  18)  and  Great 
Salt  lakes.  These  lakes 
are  connected  by  the 
Jordan  River. 

The  valley  of  the 
Provo  in  the  lower  por- 
tion is  renowned  for 
its  fertility,  and  that 
of  the  Weber  forms  the 

Fig.  17.     The  pavilion  at  Saltair.  Great  Salt  Lake.     The  natural    gateway    for 

lake  is  widely  known  as  a  pleasure  and  health  resort,  .,             1       /  "P  '               ^ 

and  chief  among  the  beautiful  and  attractive  railroaaS    (rig.    ^2) 

places  along  its  shores  is  Saltair.  through    the    Wasatch 

Range.    The  Bear  River,  rising  in  Utah,  flows 
northward  through  a  portion  of  Wyoming, 
then  reenters  the  state  in  Rich  County,  but 
soon  crosses  again  into  Wyoming  and  Idaho 
before  it  finally  returns  to  the  state  and 
makes  its  way  to  Great  Salt  Lake.     It  flows 
through  Cache  Valley,  heretofore  mentioned, 
and   receives   several   important   tributaries 
from    the    western    spurs    of    the    Wasatch 
Mountains.     These  mountain  streams  follow 
pathways   having    steep    slopes   and    afford 
excellent  water  power,  which  is  beginning  to 
be  utilized  for  the  development  of  electricity. 
Great  Salt  Lake.     Great  Salt  Lake  (Figs,  i 
and  17)  is  the  largest  and  most  interesting 
body  of  salt  water  in  the  United  States.   With 
an  area  of  2 , 3  7  5  square  miles  and  a  depth  vary- 
ing from  forty 
to  seventy  feet, 
it  is  one  of  the 
large  lakes  of 
the   country. 
Its  level  varies 
constantly. 
Some   years   it 
is  very  low. 
As  the  amount 
of  water  de- 
creases  the 
percentage   of 
salt  increases. 


Fig.  iS.     On  the  shore  of  I'tah  Lake.     It  lies  in  one  of  the  most  beautiful 

and  fruitful  valleys  in  the  state  and  is  much  frequented  by  sportsmen 

and  pleasure  seekers  as  a  fishing,  bathing,  and  boating  resort. 


i6 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


then  when  the  lake  fills 
up  slightly,  the  water 
gradually  becomes  less 
salty.  The  percentage 
of  salt  in  the  water 
varies  from  1 8  per  cent 
to  25  per  cent,  consti- 
tuting at  times  one- 
fourth  the  whole  bulk. 
At  all  times  the  lake  is 
too  salt  to  sustain  life 
in  any  species  of  fish. 
The  density  of  the 
briny  water  is  great 
enough  to  support  the 
human  body  without 
effort,  and  makes  bath- 
ing in  the  lake  a  great 
pleasure.  Bathing  in 
Great  Salt  Lake,  which 
began  with  the  arrival 
of  the  first  band  of  set- 
tlers, has  yearly  at- 
tracted increasing 
numbers  of  visitors.  Among  the  beautiful 
resorts  that  have  been  developed  along  its 
shore  is  Saltair  (Fig.  17),  visited  each  year 
by  more  than  200,000  people. 

Climate.  Owing  to  its  position  between 
two  mountain  ranges  which  act  as  barriers 
to  moisture-bearing  winds,  the  climate  is 
exceedingly  dry  and  the  annual  rainfall  (Fig. 
19)  is  not  more  than  one-half  as  great  as 
that   of   the   more   eastern   Atlantic    states. 


Fig.  19.     The  mean  annual  rainfall  of  Utah. 


\'^ariation,  howe^^er,  is 
wide.  At  Salt  Lake 
City,  within  the  region 
of  heaviest  rainfall,  the 
yearly  average  is  six- 
teen inches ;  in  the  ex- 
treme southwest  it  is 
less  than  seven  inches 
(Figs.  20  and  21);  the 
average  for  the  whole 
state  being  about 
twelve  inches.  The 
range  of  altitude  with- 
in the  state  is  more 
than  10,000  feet,  hence 
in  a  region  with  so 
great  a  range  of  relief 
it  follows  naturally 
that  variations  in  tem- 
perature are  corre- 
spondingly great.  The 
mean  temperature  for 
January  ranges  from 
24.1°  at  Snowville  in 
the  extreme  north  to  27.9°  at  Salt  Lake  City, 
and  to  35.8°  at  St.  George  in  the  extreme 
southwest.  In  like  manner  the  July  averages 
range  from  69.5°  to  75.5°  and  83.1°.  (Fig. 
22.)  The  rainfall  is  greater  on  the  higher 
ranges,  and  in  these  regions  snow  accumu- 
lates to  a  great  depth.  Elsewhere  the  snow- 
fall is  light.  In  the  north  the  winters  are 
cold  and  severe,  while  in  the  south  they  are 
extremely  mild.  Because  of  the  extreme 
dryness  of  the  air,  a 
large  part  of  the  rainfall 
is  immediately  evapo- 
rated, hence  the  soil  is 


SALT  LAKE  CITY 


8  S  S  g  &  S 


ST.  GEORGE 


Fig.  20.     The  average  annual  rainfall  at  ^alt  Lake  City  and  St.  George. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


T7 


dry  and  in  places  extremely  rich  in  salts.  It 
is  estimated  that  the  amount  of  water  evapo- 
rated from  Great  Salt  Lake  is  not  less  than 
eight}'  inches  annually.  The  climate  of  Utah 
is  healthful  and  invigorating.  It  is  highly 
favorable  for  agriculture,  and  wherever  water 
is  brought  to  the  surface,  either  by  rains  or 
irrigation,  crops  gro^^'  luxuriantly. 

Plants  and  Animals.  The  vegetation  of 
Utah  is  varied,  as  is  to  be  expected  in  a 
region  having  such  a  wide  range  of  climate. 
It  ranges  from  the  plants  characteristic  of  hot 
countries,  found  in  the  southern  valleys,  to 
those  of  the  far  north,  growing  in  the  higher 
mountain  areas.  Because  of  this  great  varia- 
tion in  climate  the  number  of  kinds  of  plants 
compared  with  the  quantity  is  very  great. 
The  arid  regions  are  sparsely  covered  with 
vegetation,  but  in  places  support  a  growth  of 
sagebrush  and  other  plants,  some  of  which 
afford  good  winter  forage  for  sheep.  The  hot 
region  in  the  extreme  southwest  abounds  in 
plants  characteristic  of  that  section.  Of  these 
the  cacti,  of  which  the  yucca  or  Joshua  tree 
(Elem.  Geog.,  Fig.  iS6)  is  perhaps  the  most 
interesting,  are  the  more  numerous. 
Inches  Forested  areas  are  found  in 

the  higher  regions,  but  the 
amount  of  merchantable  tim- 
ber is  not  large  and  the  state 
does  not  produce  enough  lum- 


Fig.  22. 


Tlic  mean  icmperaiure  of  Utah  in 
January  and  July. 


SALT    LAKE   CITY  ST.  GEORGE 

I.     The  average  monthly  rainfall  at  Salt  Lake  City 
and  at  St.  George. 


ber  to  supply  the  home  demand.  Hence 
lumber  is  an  important  article  of  import  in 
Utah.  A  large  part  of  the  timbered  area  of 
the  state  is  now  included  in  the  United 
States  forest  reserves.     (Fig.  23.) 

Throughout  the  reserves  the  cutting  of 
timber  is  restricted  and  grazing  is  controlled. 
Under  these  conditions  the  growth  of 
underbrush  is  protected,  and  tlie  forest 
resources  are  being  so  used  as  to  insure  a 
timber  supply  for  future  generations.  A 
reckless  use  of  the  forest  resources  of  a 
state  means  not  only  a  lack  of  timber  for 
future  needs,  but  the  deforested  regions 
\\-ould  shed  the  rain  rapidly  and  the  stip- 
ply  of  water  for  irrigation  would  therefore 
be  decreased  seriously. 

The  valuable  timber  trees  are  the  yellow 
and  lodge -pole  pine,  the  Douglas  spruce, 
and  the  balsam  fir.  ^huiy  other  trees, 
such  as  the  juniper,  piiion,  and  cottonwood, 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


are  found  in  the  ravines,  on  the  tablelands, 
and  along  the  ridges  and  principal  streams. 
They  are  of  use  locally  but  are  not  important 
as  timber  trees. 

Although  there  are  many  species  of  -wild 
animals  in  Utah,  owing  to  the  small  rainfall 
and  scanty  vegetation  they  are  not  found  in 
great  numbers.  Antelope  and  deer  exist  in  a 
few  localities.  The  bear,  coyote,  lynx,  beaver, 
and  mountain  lion  are  seen  in  many  sections, 
and  a  small  herd  of  bison  is  kept  on  Antelope 
Island  in  Great  Salt 
Lake.  The  jack  rab- 
bit is  so  destructive 
to  crops  in  Sanpete, 
Sevier,  and  several 
other  counties  as  to  be 
a  great  pest.  Game 
birds  abound  in  cer- 
tain sections,  affording 
game  for  sportsmen 
and  hunters.  Trout 
are  abundant  in  all  the 
mountain  streams  and 
the  black  bass  has 
been  introduced  and  is 
plentiful  in  Utah  Lake. 

History.  The  first 
white  men  to  enter  the 
region  which  is  now 
Utah  were  Spaniards 
sent  by  Coronado. 
Under  the  leadership 
of  Cardeiias  they 
reached  the  Colorado 
River  in  15 40.  101776  two  Franciscan  friars, 
Escalante  and  Dominguez,  seeking  a  direct 
route  to  the  Pacific,  went  from  Santa  F6  to 
Utah  Lake.  (Fig.  24.)  About  the  year  1825 
trappers  came  into  the  countrj-,  and  later  a 
few  immigrants  passed  through  on  their  way 
to  California  and  the  Oregon  cotmtr\'.  At 
this  time  the  Indians  were  the  only  inhabi- 
tants of  the  region. 

The  real  histor>'  of  the  state  began  in  1847, 


Fig.  23. 


The  location  of 
reservati, 


when  a  little  band  of  Mormon  exiles  led  by 
Brigham  Yoimg  entered  Salt  Lake  Valley. 
The  Mormons  had  suffered  much  because  of 
their  religious  beliefs.  Therefore,  in  1845, 
when  the  Fremont  expedition  made  known 
and  opened  the  way  to  this  remote  region. 
Young,  who  had  long  desired  to  remove  with 
his  followers  to  the  Far  West,  resolved  to 
migrate  to  the  new  countr\'.  Driven  from 
their  homes  in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  the 
Mormons  bravely  started  out  on  the  long 
and  toilsome  journey 
in  search  of  a  place 
where  they  might  bmld 
up  new  homes,  and, 
unmolested,  worship 
in  their  own  way. 
Although  the  region 
to  which  they  then 
migrated  formed  part 
of  Mexico,  the  immi- 
grants, loyal  to  the 
countn,'  they  had  left, 
unfurled  on  Ensign 
Peak  the  Stars  and 
Stripes.   (Fig.  24.) 

As  a  result  of  the 
war  with  Mexico,  in 
which  the  ]\Iormons 
bravely  bore  a  part, 
this  territory,  by  the 
treaty  of  Guadalupe- 
Hidalgo  in  1848,  was 
ceded  to  the  United 
States.  No  immediate 
provision  being  made  by  the  United  States 
for  the  government  of  the  territory,  the  peo- 
ple set  up  a  government  under  their  church 
organization.  Ih  1849,  pending  the  action  of 
Congress,  the  state  of  Deseret  was  organized, 
and  admission  to  the  Union  was  sought. 
Congress,  however,  refused  to  admit  the 
state,  but  organized,  September  9,  1850,  the 
territory'  of  Utah  with  Brigham  Young  as 
first  (jovernor. 


Ill  J  III  Hilary 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


19 


Immigrants  continued  to  come  into  the 
region  until  in  1852  it  contained  about 
15,000  people.  The  people  then  began 
spreading  out  into  the  valleys  north  and 
south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and  wherever  water 
for  irrigation  could  be  easily  diverted  towns 
sprang  up. 

Repeated  attempts  were  made  to  have 
Utah  admitted  to  the  Union  as  a  state,  but 
not  until  July  16,  1894,  was  an  Enabling 
Act  passed.  Tliis  act,  signed  by  President 
Cleveland,  called  for  a 
constitutional  conven- 
tion, which  met  in 
Salt  Lake  City  in  the 
following  March  and 
framed  the  fundamen- 
tal law  upon  which 
Utah,  Januar}^  4,  1896, 
took  her  place  among 
the  states  of  the  Union. 

Industrial  Growth. 
No  sooner  had  the 
Mormons  reached  Salt 
Lake  Valley  than  they 
began  plowing  the 
parched  earth  and 
making  irrigating 
canals  preparatory  to 
planting  a  crop.  From 
that  time  on  agricul- 
tural pursuits  (Fig.  29) 
have  furnished  em- 
ployment for  the  main 
body  of  the  people. 

The  rich  deposits  of  ore  in  the  moimtains 
often  tempted  the  early  settlers  to  forsake 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil  for  the  occupation 
of  mining.  This  their  far-sighted  leaders 
always  discouraged,  rightly  believing  that  a 
stable  commonwealth  could  best  be  built  up 
by  spending  their  energies  in  developing  the 
land.  Even  with  this  precaution  the  colo- 
nists had  much  privation  to  undergo  in  order 
to  maintain  themselves.    Drouth,  devastating 


Fig.  24.      The  earliest  explorations  in  Utah 


insects,  and  Indian  attacks  repeatedly  threat- 
ened destruction  to  the  colony. 

These  colonists,  thousands  of  miles  from 
civilization,  with  poor  transportation  facili- 
ties, practically  had  to  be  self-supporting, 
therefore  manufacturing  and  other  industries 
were  gradually  developed.  Good  wagon 
roads,  however,  were  built  at  an  early  day 
between  Salt  Lake  City  and  all  outlying  set- 
tlements and  were  a  most  important  factor 
in  the  early  development  of  the  territoiy. 
Silver  was  discovered 
in  1857,  and  gold  in 
1864,  in  Bingham  Can- 
yon, where  the  first 
mine,  the  Old  Jordan, 
was  opened  in  1863, 
and  a  little  later  min- 
ing became  the  occu- 
pation of  increasing 
numbers  of  the  people. 
The  completion  of  the 
Union  Pacific  in  1869 
gave  Utah  connection 
with  the  great  markets 
■"'of  the  countr\%  and 
since  that  time  the  in- 
dustrial and  commer- 
cial growth  of  the  state 
has  been  not  only 
stead}'  but  rapid. 

Irrigation.  Xo  other 
subject  is  of  greater 
importance  to  the 
material  growth  and 


development  of  Utah  than  irrigation.  The 
rainfall  being  insufificient  to  produce  average 
crops,  success  in  agriculture  must  depend 
largely  upon  irrigation,  by  means  of  which 
water  is  conveyed  to  the  land  to  be  cultivated 
by  open  ditches  or  canals.  These  canals,  often 
miles  in  length,  are  constructed  at  great  cost. 
The  first  settlers,  the  Mormons,  located  as 
near  as  possible  to  streams,  springs,  or  lakes, 
and  from  these  by  means  of  ditches  led  the 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


water  to  their  fields.  As  new  settlers  came 
in  these  ditches  were  gradually  extended. 
Hence  it  is  seen  that  in  America  the  Mor- 
mons were  the  pioneers  in  the  modern  prac- 
tice of  irrigation.  The  fact  that  the  farmer 
must  depend  upon  irrigation  to  raise  his  crops 
makes  the  water  in  any  district  of  equal  or 


Fig.  25.     Bear  River  Canyon,  along  the  Rear  River  irri- 
gation canal.     This  important  canal  supplies  water 
to  many  thousand  acres  of  land. 

greater  value  than  the  soil.  Before  the  water 
rights  were  decided  by  the  courts  the  irriga- 
tion systems  were  in  the  hands  of  the  local 
authorities,  and  usually  an  impartial  as  well 
as  an  economic  distribution  of  the  water  was 
made.  Irrigated  farms  were  small  and  uni- 
form in  size,  and  disputes  about  water  or  the 
right  to  use  it  were  rare.  In  some  districts 
these  early  methods  are  still  followed. 

In  recent  years  reservoirs  have  been  built 


Fig.   J  7,      .\   jiclJ  n/  ,n^„r  hccts.  L,:::  Is  arc 

alicays  groivn  on  irrigated  land.      I  he  iiraagaics  seen 

in  the  foreground  are  used  in  regulating  the 

flow  of  water  into  the  field. 

in  different  parts  of  the  state  for  storing  the 
surplus  water,  and  in  this  way  the  water 
supply  available  for  irrigation  has  been 
greatly  increased.  The  national  government 
is  constructing,  at  large  expense,  a  great 
reservoir  in  Utah  County,  and  is  planning 
other  important  extensions.  These  works, 
when  completed,  will  still  further  increase 
the  water  supply  of  the  state.  In  1902  the 
Utah  canals  irrigated  nearly  715,000  acres 
of  land.  The  area  now  being  irrigated 
exceeds  1,000,000  acres,  and  there  are  more 
than  7,000  miles  of  irrigating  canals.  (Fig.  25.) 
Agriculture.  In  Utah  agriculture  has  always 
been  the  chief  occupation  of  the  people  (Fig. 
29),  and,  owing  to  the  fine  soils  and  favorable 
chmate,  and  to  the  excellent  opportunity  for 


.1   peaih  orchard  in  an  irrigated  district  in  limcry  bounty.      It  lies  in  a  valley  traversed  by  the  Green  Rii 
which  affords  an  abundant  water  supply  for  irrigating  wide  tracts  of  rich  agricultural  lands. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.   28.     The  yield  of  hay  per  square  mile, 
state  report,  igoj. 

irrigation,  it  is  a  steadily  growing  industry. 
Only  3  per  cent,  however,  of  the  area  of  the 
state  as  yet  is  devoted  to  farming.  Probabh- 
the  extremely  dry  regions  where  the  soil  con- 
tains much  alkali  will  never  be  favorable  for 
agriculture.  In  this  state  agriculture  falls 
naturally  into  two  general  classes;  that  on 

o        10       M       so       40       S"       60       70        Sa       <!<>     "w 


Agriculture  _  . 
Domestic  and 

personal  sen 
Transportntion  j 

and  trade B^^^^B 

Manufactures bbh^b  I    FiG.  29.     Proportion  of  persons 

...  .  engaged  in  each  class  of 

Mining .    ^^  ..J- 

occupation,  census 

J'ru/essicnal  sercUe -mm  of  IQOO. 

irrigated,  and  that  on  non-irrigated  or  arid 
land.  Arid  (Fig.  31),  or  dr\-  farming  as  it  is 
often  called,  is  a  comparatively  new  branch  of 
the  industry-,  but  one  rapidly  growing  in  favor. 
The  growing  of  crops  in  the  Great  Ameri- 
can Desert,  as  Utah  was  long  called,  without 


the  artificial  application  of  water  was  scarcely 
thought  of  before  i860,  and  dry  farming  can 
hardly  be  said  to  ha\'e  been  begun  before 
1880.  In  the  early  go's  dry  farming  without 
irrigation  was  established  in  the  northern 
counties  of  the  state.  People  of  the  south- 
ern counties,  however,  did  not  believe  that 
it  could  be  made  profitable  below  Salt 
Lake  City.  But  the  practice  was  gradually 
extended  south,  and  drj^  farming  is  now  suc- 
cessfully carried  on  in  nearly  ever}^  part  of 
Utah.  It  can  not  be  applied  to  all  Utah 
soils,  but  is  successful  chiefly  on  heavy  clay 
and  light  sandy  soils.  Six  experimental  arid 
farms  have  been  established  by  the  state, 
r.nd  these  are.  demonstrating  what  crops  may 
be  grown  without  the  aid  of  irrigation.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  are  23,000,000  acres 
of  land  in  the  state  that  can  be  profitably 
devoted  to  dr}'  farming.  In  1905  nearly 
100,000  acres  of  arid  land  were  planted  to 


Fig.  30.      The  production  of  wheat  per  square  mile. 
state  report,  igoy 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  31.     .4  view  oj  tin 
showing  llu 


and  farming  district  at  Neplii, 
method  oj  plowing. 


wheat,  yielding  about  1,500,000  bushels,  or 
15.3  bushels  to  the  acre.  In  the  future, 
probably,  cereals,  grasses,  and  similar  crops 
will  be  raised  largely  on  arid  lands;  while  on 
the  valuable  irrigated  farms  such  crops  as 
sugar  beets  and  fruit  will  be  produced. 

The  principal  agricultural  crops  in  Utah 
are  hay,  chiefly  lucern  or  alfalfa,  wheat  (Figs. 
28,  30,  and  32),  oats,  corn,  barley,  potatoes, 
and  sugar  beets  (Figs.  27,  33,  and  34),  rye, 
fruits,  and  vegetables.  Cotton  thrives  in  the 
extreme  southwest. 

Horticulture.  Both  soil  and  climate  invite 
the  cultivation  of  fruits,  and  all  varieties  of 
temperate  fruits  thrive  and  yield  abundantly. 
In  the  southern  section  of  the  state,  in  San 
Juan,  Grand,  and  Washington  counties,  semi- 
tropical  fruits, 
such  as  the  fig, 
pomegranate, 
almond,  and 
grape,  grow 
luxuriantly. 
The  growing  of 
grapes  espe- 
cially is  now 
well  estab- 
lished, and 
raisins  of  su- 
perior quality 
formanimpor-   Fic.  7,2     A  ituem  field  :>:    ■; 

^  Profitable  erops  oj  III. ,  III.  ,0,1,  ul. 

tant  product.  grown  m  many  scelions  oj 


Previous  to  1890  little  attention  was  given 
to  the  growing  of  fruit  except  for  family  use. 
Since  that  time,  however,  many  commercial 
orchards  have  been  established  and  thousands 
of  trees  are  planted  each  year.  Practically 
all  the  fruit  produced  in  Utah  is  grown  on 


Fig.  ^;i.     Thinning  beets  on  a  Utah  \'alley  jarni.     The 
growing  oj  sugar  beets  is  one  of  the  lead- 
ing industries  of  the  state. 

irrigated  lands.  (Figs.  26  and  35.)  It  has 
been  demonstrated,  however,  that  in  some 
parts  of  the  state  certain  varieties  can  be 
grown  successfully  on  arid  lands.  Much  of 
the  fruit  grown  in  Utah,  which  is  unusual  in 
size  and  excellent  in  quality,  is  sent  to  New 
York  and  other  eastern  markets,  where  it 
is  held  in  high  favor.  In  1903  the  value 
of  the  fruit  crop  was  nearly  $1,000,000. 
Live  Stock.  Stock  raising  has  always  been 
an  important 
feature  in  Utah 
agriculture. 
The  early  set- 
tlers found  the 
m  o  u  n  t  a  i  n 
slopes  covered 
abundantly 
with  excellent 
grasses,  while 
the  scanty  veg- 
etation of  the 
desert  included 
istri.i  in  ,.;.,  i      grassBS    and 

and  oilier  janii  I't.'uiu,^  u,,    „..io  '  i  •    u 

the  state  without  irrigation.  snruDS     Wnicn 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


23 


also  aflforded  nutri- 
tious food  for  stock. 
The  original  flocks 
and  herds  increased 
until  to-day  the  cat- 
tle, sheep  (Figs.  36, 
37,  and  38),  and 
horses  number  many 
thousands.  In  1907 
the  value  of  live 
stock  in  the  state  was 
$26,000,000.  Of  this 
sum  $11,000,000,  or 
nearly  one-half  of  the 
total  amount,  repre- 
sented the  value  of  the 
sheep.  Much  atten- 
tion is  given  to  the 
breeding  of  fine  sheep, 
and  nowhere  else  do 
we  find  finer  ]\Ierino 
and  Cotswold  sheep 
than  we  do  in  some 
parts  of  Utah.  The 
wool  produced  by  these  sheep  is  remarkable 
for  quality  and  weight,  single  fleeces  some- 
times weighing  from  forty  to  sixty-five 
pounds. 

Cattle  and  milch  cows  rank  next  to  sheep 
in  importance.  Dairying  is  confined  to  the 
fertile  valleys  of  the  irrigated  districts. 
Horses  form  an 
important  and 
growing  item 
in  the  live- 
stock industn,', 
their  value 
nearly  doub- 
ling between 
1900  and  1905. 
In  1905  thtp 
were  973,34,; 
chickens,  35,- 
315  turkeys, 
11,866   ducks, 


Fig.  35.  .1  jruit  orchard  in  Davis  County.    All  the  j>)-;,£;u(i'J  lauJs  arc  be 
given  over  to  the  growing  of  fruits,  sugar  beets,  and  other  more  prof- 
itable crops,  and  to  the  exclusion  of  grain  and  alfalfa. 


and  5,501  geese.  In 
the  same  year  the 
21,397  stands  of  bees 
in  the  state  produced 
more  than  13,360,000 
pounds  of  honey. 
The  production  is 
increasing  rapidly,  as 
Utah  honey  is  widely 
known  for  its  purity 
and  flavor. 

Sheep  raising  is  by 
far  the  most  important 
branch  of  the  live- 
stock industry.  This 
industry  is  largely  con- 
fined to  the  grass  re- 
gions of  mountain  and 
desert  areas  that  are 
unsuited  to  agricul- 
ture. In  summer  the 
sheep  are  driven  high 
up  into  the  mountains, 
where  they  feed  on 
the  luxuriant  grass  made  possible  by  winter 
snows  and  rains.  As  cold  weather  sets  in 
they  are  driven  to  the  western  deserts,  where 
throughout  the  winter  they  secure  food  from 
the  scanty  vegetation  and  water  from  the 
light  snows.  Since  a  large  part  of  the  area 
consists  of  mountain  and  desert  lands  which 

can  never  be 
profitable  for 
agriculture, 
this  branch  of 
the  live-stock 
industry  will 
continue  no 
doubt  to  flour- 
ish. The  pres- 
ervation of  the 
forests  in  the 
X  ational  Forest 
Reserve  and 
the    regulation 


production  of  sugar  beets  per  square  mile, 
state  report  of  ipo^. 


24 


THE  GEOGRiVPHY  OF  UTAH 


of  the  number  of  ani- 
mals that  may  graze 
on  a  certain  area  of 
land  also  tend  to  make 
the  raising  of  sheep  a 
much  more  permanent 
industry.  This  plan 
has  already  resulted 
in  breaking  up  the 
vast  herds  common 
until  lately  throughout 
the  state.  Xowwehave 
smaller  droves  owned 
by  many  men  instead 
of  a  few  owners  of 
countless  herds.  This 
leads  to  more  home 
feeding  and  hence  to 
improved  stock.  The 
cattle  industr\'  also  de- 
pends in  great  part  on 
the  summer  feed  found 

in  the  mountains.  Fig.  36.  The  nmnber  of 
Large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  also 
brought  from  the  ranges  in  winter  and  fed  on 
the  farms.    The  production  of  wool,  however, 


Minerals  and  Mining. 

By  far  the  most  impor- 
tant source  of  Utah's 
wealth  is  found  in  her 
enormous  deposits  of 
minerals.  (Figs.  39  and 
43.)  While  mining  is 
the  most  important 
industr}'-  of  the  state,  as 
yet  only  a  small  joart  of 
the  available  resources 
has  been  developed. 
The  rocks  of  the  Wa- 
satch ]\Iountains  and 
those  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  cov- 
ering an  area  of  more 
than  2,000  square 
miles,  contain  work- 
able deposits  of  ex- 
cellent coal.  (Fig.  39.) 
It  is  believed  these  de- 

shcep  fer  square  mile.  jQoj.        positS  will,  in  the  near 

future,  furnish  more  coal  than  is  needed  for 
home  use.  Up  to  the  present  time,  however, 
not  enough  coal  is  mined  to  meet  the  increas- 
ing demands  of  manufacturing.  Hence  a 
large  amount  of  coal  is  brought  in  from  other 
states.  Coal  was  discovered  at  Coal  Creek 
near  Cedar  City  in  185 1,  yet  coal  mining  (Fig. 
40)  in  Utah  has  been  largely  a  development 


Fig.  37.     .4  flock  of  sJiccf'  on  the  ranee.     The  raising  of 

sheep  for 'ivool  is  the  most  important  feature 

of  the  live-stock  industry  in  Utah. 

remains  the  chief  branch  of  the  live-stock 
industry,  Utah  ranking  seventh  among  wool- 
producing  states.  Like  the  growing  of  fruit, 
the  live-stock  industrv  is  onlv  in  its  infancv. 


Fig.  38.     Cattle  grazing  in  tlie  Utah  \' alley. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


of  the  last  twenty 
years.  As  the  iron  in- 
dustry becomes  more 
important  annually 
the  amount  of  coal 
used  for  making  coke 
increases. 

The  mining  of  the 
precious  metals,  gold 
and  silver  (Fig.  43), 
increases  constantly, 
and  to-day  Utah  ranks 
third  in  the  production 
of  silver  and  sixth  in 
gold.  The  first  mining 
camp  was  opened  in 
1863  in  the  Bingham 
district.  The  leading 
mining  regions  to-day 
in  the  production  of 
both  gold  and  silver 
are  the  Bingham,  Tin- 
tic,  and  Park  City  (Fig.  Fig.  39.  The  distribution  of  th 
65)  districts.  These  three  areas  are  widely 
known  for  their  rich  and  productive  mines. 
(Figs.  41,  42,  and  45.)   The  ores  are  extremely 


Fig.  40.     Coal  mines  and  coke  o-rens,  Castlc(:ale.     Coal 

from  this  field  produces  coke  z^'hich.  as  an  ideal  fuel 

for  industrial  plants,  bids  fair  to  rival  the 

celebrated  Connellsville  product. 

rich  in  copper  and  lead  and  in  1906  Utah  was 
the  third  state  in  the  Union  in  the  produc- 
tion of  lead  and  fourth  in  the  yield  of  copper. 


The  most  important 
mines  are  the  Ontario, 
Silver  King,  and  Daly 
West  at  Park  City; 
Highland  Boy  and  Old 
Jordan  at  Bingham; 
Bullion-Beck,  Centen- 
nial, Eureka,  and 
Grand  Central  in  the 
Tintic  District;  the 
Homsilver  at  Frisco, 
and  the  Consolidated 
at  Mercur. 

Smelters  for  sepa- 
rating the  metals  from 
the  ores  are  located  at 
Bingham  Junction 
(Fig.  46),  ilurray,  Gar- 
field, Sandy,  Milford, 
and  Ogden.  By  far 
the  larger  part  of  the 
ores    produced    are 

;  leading  minerals  of  Ctah.    smelted  in  the  State. 

High-grade  iron  ores,  especially  of  mag- 
netite and  hematite,  are  found  in  Utah,  the 
richest  deposits  being  in  Iron  Count5^  in  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  As  yet  little  iron 
is  mined  except  in  Millard,  Juab,  and  Utah 
counties.  The  immense  deposits  of  iron  (Fig. 
39),  practically  unworked,  are,  however,  of 


Fig.  41.     Head  house,  troicna  mtne,  Bingham  Canyon. 
Notice  the  aerial  tramway  for  sending  the  ore  below. 


26 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fi.;.,  42.     Sll-iic  III  a  copper  nunc  in  I'.inejiani  (\inyfn 
Here  may  be  seen  the  steam  shovel  used  tn  this  dis- 
trict for  the  shallow  mining  of  copper  ore. 

great  value  and,  with  the  increased  develop- 
ment of  the  state,  the  manufacture  of  iron  is 
destined  to  become  an  important  industr}-. 


3^ years.. . 
iqoi  -  iqos, 
iSqo  -  jgoo . 

/SS6-/S00       ^m^m  I    P^''-  43-     ^^'^  value  of  the  principal 

I      minerals  in  millions  of  dollars  for 
jSSi-iSSj....Lm^m    '         periods  of  five  years  in  Utah. 

]\Iany  deposits  of  the  less  common  minerals 
are  found  in  the  state.  (Fig.  39.)  Asphalt 
is  obtained  from  the  minerals  gilsonite  and 


/;/,i....'  ry  in  Weber  Canyon, 

ch  year  the  anioitul  oj  i  eiiieni  used  in  Utah  is  more 
than  doubled,  and  all  is  produced  at  home. 


claterite.  They  arc  mined  so  extensively  in 
Uinta  County  that  Utah  ranks  third  in  the 
Union  in  the  production  of  asphalt.  Many 
of  the  streets  of  Salt  Lake  City  and  Ogden  are 
paved  with  asphalt  manufactured  in  the  state. 
The  harder  varieties  of  these  minerals  are 
used  for  making  varnish.  Extensive  beds  of 
gypsum  are  found  in  Sevier  Valley,  in  Juab, 
Sanpete,  and  Sevier  counties.  Large  quanti- 
ties are  mined  and  manufactured  into  plas- 
ter, which  is  an  important  product  in  Utah. 
There  are  large  deposits  of  sulphur  in  Beaver 
and  Millard  counties,  and  salt  occurs  in  the 
valley  of  the  Sevier  from  Nephi  to  Salina. 
Salt  also  forms  a  very  large  portion  of  the 


Fig.  45.     .1  sampling  mine  in  Bingham  Canyon.     Here 

the  ore  is  concentrated,  or  separated  from  the  rock, 

and  only  the  richest  shipped  to  the  smelter. 

solid  matter  of  Great  Salt  Lake.  (Fig.  48.) 
The  state  is  rich  also  in  building  and  orna- 
mental stones  as  well  as  in  cement-producing 
rocks.  The  cement  industry  is  being  exten- 
sively developed,  and  large  plants  for  the 
manufacture  of  Portland  cement  are  now  in 
operation  at  Salt  Lake  City  and  in  Weber 
Canyon.      (Fig.  44.) 

Granite  from  the  Wasatch  Mountains  is 
quarried  for  local  building  purposes.  The 
temple  at  Salt  Lake  City  is  built  of  this 
rock.  (Fig.  64.)  Sandstone  is,  however,  more 
largely  quarried  for  use  in  building  than  any 
other  rock.  The  chief  centers  of  sandstone 
production  lie  in  the  southern  part  of  the 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


27 


Fig.  46.     A  srnelter  at  Bingham  Junction,  where  gold,  sili\  r, 
per  are  separated  from  the  ore.     The  smelting  of  ores 
of  the  largest  industries  in  Utah,  as  it  is  in  all 
the  other  Plateau  States. 

state.  Oolitic  limestone,  a  rival  of  granite 
as  an  ornamental  building  stone,  is  found  in 
Sanpete  County  and  was  used  in  building  the 
temple  at  Manti. 

Marble  and  ]\Iexican  onys.  are  also  quarried 
to  a  limited  extent  for  ornamental  purposes, 
and  the  rich  deposits 
of  clay  are  just  begin- 
ning to  be  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  brick 
and  tile. 

Manufactures.     The 
location  of  Utah, 


J  cop- 


jSyo 

between  two  mountain 
ranges  and  at  a  long  distance  from  the  great 
manufacturing  centers  of  the  country,  makes 
transportation  expensive.  Naturally  this 
adds  greatly  to  the  cost  of  manufactured 
products  brought  into  the  state. 
At  the  same  time  the  state  has 
an  inexhaustible  supply  of  coal, 
and  the  numerous  falls  and 
rapids  in  the  streams  afford 
abtmdant  water  power.  Thest_' 
conditions,  the  great  cost  ot 
imported  products,  and  the 
abundant  fuel  and  power  at 
hand,  naturally  encourage  home 
manufactures.  In  1900  the 
value  of  the  manufactured  prod- 
ucts exceeded  S2 1 ,000,000,  being 


nearly  three  times  as  great  as 
in  1890.  By  1906  the  value  of 
the  products  rose  to  nearly 
839,000,000.  (Fig.  47.)  In  the 
last  named  year  the  industrial 
works  of  the  state  gave  employ- 
ment to  more  than  8,000  per- 
sons, and  engaged  a  capital  of 
more  than  $26,000,000. 

The  immense  deposits  of  iron 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  state, 
with  a  vast  coal  supply  near 
at  hand,  make  probable  in  the 
future   great   iron   and   steel 
works,  which  would  give   em- 
ployment to  many  people  and  thus  create 
increased  demand  for  agricultural  products. 
At  present  the  most  important  manufac- 
turing industry  is  the  smelting  and  refining 
of  copper,  silver,  and  gold  ores.     (Fig.  46.) 

In  the  year  1905  copper  smelting  was  the 
,  ^s  3°  js  *>  leading  single  industry 
^  I  of  Utah.  The  manu- 
.        ,  facture  of  beet  sugar 

(Fig.  50)  is  rapidly  be- 
coming a  great  indus- 
tr}^  In  1908  there  were 
sLx  factories  in  operation.  These  are  located 
at  Ogden,  Lehi,  Logan,  Garfield,  Provo,  and 
Lewiston.  During  the  years  1906-1907  the 
combined  product  turned  out  by  these  fac- 
tories was  80,848,000  pounds  of  sugar.     This 


Fig.  47.     Tlie  growth  of  manufactur- 
ing industries  shown  by  the  value  of 
products  in  millions  of  dollars. 


Fig.  48.     Salt  piles.  Great  Salt  Lake.     The  water  from  the  lake  is  conducted 

into  ponds  and  evaporated,  and  the  salt  scraped  into  heaps.     This 

forms  one  of  the  commercial  industries  of  the  state. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  4g.     Woolen  mills  at  Provo.     Establislied  by  Brig- 
ham  Ycitng  ill  i8y2,  they  were  the  first  erected  west 
of  Chicago,  and  are  now  the  largest  woolen 
mills  west  of  the  Missouri  River. 

product  gave  Utah  fourth  rank  among  the 
beet  sugar-producing  states  of  the  Union. 

Canneries,  cream- 
eries, condensed 
milk  factories, 
flouring  mills,  can- 
dy factories,  lum- 
ber and  planing 
mills,  foundries, 
machine  shops, 
tanneries,  shoe 
factories,  woolen 
mills  (Fig.  49),  and 
knitting  factories 
are  among  the 
industrial  institu- 
tions which  convert  the  raw  materials  of  the 
state  into  the  finished  products. 

Transportation  and  Trade.  Owing  to  its 
position  Utah  is  entirely  dependent  upon 
the  railroads  (Figs.  51  and  52)  for  the  move- 
ment of  its  imports  and  exports.  On  May 
10,  1869,  the  Union  Pacific  from  the  east 
and  the  Central  Pacific  from  the  west  met  at 
Promontory  Point.  For  the  first  time  Utah 
was  in  quick  connection  with  the  ports  of 
the  Pacific  coast  and  the  manufacturing 
regions  of  the  Central  and  Eastern  states. 
In  1870  a  railroad  was  built  from  Ogden  to 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  in  1883  the  completion 
of  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  gave  a  second 
route  to  the  east.  Mining  enterprises  caused 
the  building  of  many  short  lines  connecting 


Fig.   50.     A  sngar-oeei    crnsner.  F'ro: 

be  seen  /,ooo  tons  of  beet  root  awaiting 

The  juice  will  be  pumped  to  the  sugar  refinery 
at  Lehi,  twenty-five  miles  away. 


the  mining  towns  with  the  larger  cities. 
The  latest  railroad  line  extended  across  the 
state  w^as  the  Salt  Lake  Route  from  Salt  Lake 
City  to  Los  Angeles.  This  road  gives  Utah 
a  new  outlet  to  the  Pacific.  The  line  runs 
through  the  southern  section  of  the  state 
and  has  opened  up  to  agriculture  and  grazing 
large  areas  of  hitherto  unoccupied  lands. 

With  competition  the  necessity  for  shorter 
routes  was  seen,  and  this  resulted  in  the 
building  of  the  famous  cut-off  across  the 
northern  end  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  This 
road,  built  on  trestle  (Fig.  51)  over  some 
places  where  the  water  is  thirty  feet  deep, 
has  shortened  the 
route  to  San  Fran- 
cisco forty-three 
miles  and  has  ma- 
terially decreased 
the  time  of  trav- 
eling from  Salt 
Lake  City  or  Ogden 
to  the  coast. 

Over  these  vari- 
ous roads  the  agri- 

In  the  foreground  may     „,,ltiiral      mini'ncr 

iting  the  crusher.  Cultural,   mining, 

and  some  of  the 
manufactured 
products  of  the  state,  like  sugar  and  cloth,  are 
sent  to  the  great  markets  of  the  countrv; 


Fin,  ^1.     The  railroad  cut-off  across  Great  Salt  Lake. 

The  lake  is  bridged  by  a   single  stretch    of   track 

fourteen  miles  long,  built  on  piles  driven 

into  the  sand  beneath  the  water. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


29 


Fig. 


52.     \''icw  of  • 
throueh  11". 


while  in  exchange  they 
bring  to  Utah  machiner}-, 
clothing,  furniture,  and  sta- 
ple groceries.  Owing  to  the 
great  cost  of  transportation, 
however,  the  external  trade 
of  the  state  is  small  com- 
pared with  that  within  the 
state.  In  1870  there  were 
only  257  miles  of  railroad 
lines  in  operation  in  Utah. 
By  1890  this  mileage  had 
increased  to  1,265,  ^^^  ""> 
1908  amounted  to  about 
2,000  miles. 

Government.  The  govern- 
ment of  the  state  of  Utah  is 
divided  into  three  separate 
and  independent  depart- 
ments; the  executive,  the  legislative,  and  the 
judicial. 

The  executive  department  of  the  state  con- 
sists of  a  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  State 
Auditor,  State  Treasiirer,  Attorney-general, 
and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
each  of  whom  holds  his  office  for  a  term  of 
four  years,  during  which  time  he  must  reside 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  the  seat  of  government. 
The  Secretar}^  of  State  or  the  President  of 
the  Senate  succeeds  to  the  governorship  in 
case  of  vacancy,  and  serves  until  a  new  gov- 
ernor is  elected  at  the  next  general  election. 

The  Governor  is  com-    1 ^^ 

mander-in-chief  of  the 
military  forces  of  the 
state.  He  has  power 
to  veto  any  measure 
passed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture and  thus  prevent 
its  becoming  a  law, 
unless  it  is  after^vards 
ratified  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  each  house, 
when  it  becomes  a  law 
notwithstanding    the 


raiirooi-l  0)1    us  way 
'r  Canyon. 


Fig.  53.     The  Federal  Building,  Salt  Lake  City. 


veto  of  the  Governor.  The 
Governor,  the  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  the 
Attorney-general  constitute 
the  Board  of  Pardons  with 
power  to  grant  pardons 
after  conviction  in  all  cases 
except  for  treason  and  sen- 
tences under  impeachment. 
The  legislative  or  law- 
making power  is  composed 
of  a  Senate  of  eighteen 
members  elected  for  four 
years,  and  a  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives of  forty-five 
members  elected  for  two 
years.  The  state  is  divided 
into  twelve  senatorial  and 
twenty-seven  representa- 
tive districts.  The  Legislature  meets  bien- 
nially in  regular  session  in  the  city  hall  (Fig. 
63)  at  the  seat  of  government.  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  opens  on  the  second  Monday  in 
January  after  the  election  of  members  of  the 
House  of  Representatives.  On  extraordinary 
occasions  the  Governor  may  convene  the 
Legislature  in  special  session  to  transact  busi- 
ness too  urgent  to  await  the  regular  session. 
The  judicial  power  of  the  state  is  vested  in 
the  Senate  sitting  as  a  court  of  impeachment, 
in  a  Supreme  Court,  in  district  courts,  in 
justices  of  the  peace,  and  other  inferior  courts. 
The  Supreme  Court  of 
Utah  consists  of  three 
judges  elected  by 
electors  of  the  state  at 
large  for  a  period  of  six 
years.  It  must  hold 
at  least  three  terms 
each  year  in  the  capi- 
tal city.  The  state  is 
divided  into  seven 
judicial  districts,  the 
judges  of  which  hold 
office  for  four  years. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


The  Legislature  pro- 
vides a  uniform  system 
of  county  government. 
Precinct  and  township 
organizations,  the  in- 
corporation, organiza- 
tion, and  classification 
of  cities  and  towns  are 
established  and  regu- 
lated by  general  laws. 
Women  may  vote  and 
may  hold  ofifice  equally 
with  men  in  this  state. 


Utah  has  two  senators  and  one  representa- 
tive in  the  National  Congress. 

State  Institutions.  The  state  institutions 
are  educational,  charitable,  and  penal.  The 
educational  institutions  are  the  State  Univer- 
sity, situated  at  Salt  Lake  City  (Fig.  55),  the 
Agricultural  College  located  at  Logan  (Fig. 
54),  and  a  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb  and 
the  blind  at  Ogden.  An  insane  asylum  is 
located  at  Provo,  and  there  is  an  industrial 
or  reform  school  at  Ogden.  The  State  Peni- 
tentiary' is  situated  at  Salt  Lake  City. 

Education.  The  present  school  system 
w^as  established  in  1890.  The  state  constitu- 
tion and  the  laws  provide  for  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  public  school  system  including  all 
the  grades  from  the  kindergarten  to  the  uni- 
versity. In  Utah  all  cities  with  a  population 
of  20,000  or  more  are  known  as  cities  of  the 
first  class;  all  cities  with  more  than  5,000  and 
less  than  20,000  are  known  as  cities  of  the 
second  class.  The  state  is  divided  into  school 
districts,  and  each  city  of  the  first  or  second 


class  constitutes  a 
school  district;  each 
county  comprises  one 
or  more  districts.  The 
State  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction 
has  charge  of  the 
administration  of  the 
system  of  public  in- 
struction and  a  general 
oversight  of  the  busi- 
ness relating  to  the 

V,n.  of  the  Agncnltura!  College.  Logan.  ^.^^^^^   ^^j^^^^^  ^^   ^j^^ 

state.      Associated  with  the  State  Superin- 


tendent in  the  work  is  the  state  Board  of 
Education. 

Each  city  of  the  first  or  second  class  has  a 
board  of  education  which  has  charge  of  the 
public  schools  of  the  city  apart  from  the 
county.  In  each  of  the  county  districts  a 
board  of  three  trustees  has  charge  of  the  local 
school  affairs,  and  a  county  superintendent 
oversees  the  schools  within  the  county. 
Schools  of  ordinary"  grades  are  maintained 
in  the  various  districts,  and  kindergartens 
may  be  established  wherever  possible.  High 
schools  may  also  be  established  in  the  cities 
and  coimties. 

There  were,  in  1906,  668  common  schools 
in  338  districts  of  the  state.  Of  this  number 
417  were  graded  and  251  mixed  schools. 
There  were  thirty -four  high  schools.  In 
these  schools  were  employed  567  male  and 
1,325  female  teachers  governed  by  47  super- 
intendents and  supervisors,  and  1,000  mem- 
bers  of   school   boards.     In   the   same   year 


Fig.  55.     'I'he  ^lale  University,  Salt  iMke  (.'ity. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


31 


77,947  pupils  were  en- 
rolled in  the  schools; 
4,716  were  promoted 
from  the  eighth  grade, 
and  235  graduated 
from  the  high  schools. 
The  cost  of  the  public 
schools  for  the  year 
was  $1,976, 12  1.42, 
while  the  value  of 
the  school  property 
amounted  to  more 
than  84,600,000.  The 
public  school  system  is 
supported  by  legisla- 
tive appropriations, 
state  and  local  taxa- 
tion, and  b}^  the  pro- 
ceeds from  sales  of 
lands  granted  by  the 
United  States  govern- 
ment for  the  purpose. 
Four  sections  of  land 

in  each  township  in  the  state  are  set  aside 
for  school  support.  This  amoimts  to  about 
5,760,000  acres  in  Utah. 

The  University  of  Utah  (Fig.  55),  situated 
at  Salt  Lake  City,  was  founded  as  the  Uni- 
versity of  Deseret  in  1850.  It  comprises  a 
preparatory  school  (of  high  school  grade), 
the  State  Normal  School,  the  State  Normal 
Kindergarten,  the  State  School  of  ]\Iines,  and 
a  regular  department  for  college  training. 
The  site  of  the  University  and  allied  schools 


national  government 
from  the  Fort  Douglas 
Militar}''  reserv^ation  in 
Salt  Lake  City.  A 
branch  normal  school 
is  conducted  at  Cedar 
City,  Iron  Count}*. 

The  Agricultural  Col- 
lege (Fig.  54)  is  located 
at  Logan  in  the  beauti- 
ful Cache  Valley  one 
hundred  miles  north  of 
Salt  Lake  City.  Its 
courses  comprise  in- 
struction and  practical 
training  in  agriculture, 
commerce,  and  domes- 
tic and  mechanic  sci- 
ence and  arts.  This 
also  is  one  of  the  state's 
chief  educational  insti- 
tutions. It  is  designed 
to   prepare    students 


is  on  sixty  acres  of  land  presented  by  the 


The  leading  educational  instihitions  of  Utah. 

for  practical  life  by  emphasizing  that  side  of 
their  education.  Agricultural  experiment 
stations  near  St.  George  and  Lehi  in  connec- 
tion with  the  college  are  supported  by  the 
federal  government. 

The  state  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb 
and  the  bhnd,  and  a  state  industrial  or  reform 
school,  are  also  maintained  in  Ogden.  These 
are  governed,  like  the  University  of  Utah 
and  the  Agricultural  College,  by  a  board 
appointed  by  the  Governor  and  approved  by 
the  Senate. 


THE  LEADIXG  EDVCATIOXAL  IXSTITUTIOXS  OF  UTAH 


COLLEGES  AN'D  UXIVERSITIES 

1  Beaver  Branch  of  Brigham  Young  University.  L.  D. 

City. 

2  Brigham  Young  College.  L.  D.  S..  Logan. 

3  Sacred  Heart  Academy.  R.  C.  Ogden. 

4  Weber  Stake  Academy.  L.  D.  S. .  Ogden. 

5  Brigham  Young  University,  L.  D.  S.,  Provo. 

6  All-Hallows  College.  R.  C,  Salt  Lake  City. 

7  Latter  Day  Saints  University.  L.  D.  S..  Salt  Lake  City 
S  Rowland  Hall.  P.  E..  Salt  Lake  City. 


g  St.  Mar\'"s  Academy,  R.  C,  Salt  Lake  City. 

10  Salt  Lake  Collegiate  Institute.  Presb.,  Salt  Lake  City. 

1 1  University  of  Utah,  State,  Salt  Lake  City. 

12  Westminster  College.  Presb..  Salt  Lake  City. 

SCHOOL  OF  TECHNOLOGY 
I J  Agriciiltural  College  of  Utah,  Logan. 

PUBLIC  NORMAL  SCHOOLS 

14  Branch  Normal  School,  Cedar  City. 

15  State  Normal  School.  Salt  Lake  City. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Besides  these 
schools  sup- 
ported by  the 
state,  there  is 
a  number  of 
private  and 
church  schools 
maintained  in- 
dependent of 
state  aid,  some 

of   which   are  ''"^-  "•     The  Laltcr-Day  Saints 

doing  excellent  work.  (Fig.  56.)  Among  the 
important  ones  are  the  Brigham  Young  Uni- 
versity at  Provo  (the  pioneer  IMormon  school 
in  Utah,  richly  endowed  by  Brigham  Young, 


Fig.  58.  The  population  in 
tens  of  thousands  and  den- 
sity of  population  per  square 
mile  at  each  Federal  Census. 

its  founder,  and  with  a  branch  at  Beaver), 
the  Latter-Day  Saints  University  (Fig.  57), 
Sheldon  Jackson  or  Westminster  College  (a 
Presbyterian  institution) ,  All-Hallows  College 
(Roman  Catholic),  Roland  Hall  (Episcopal 
school  for  girls),  and  St.  Mary's  Academy, 
all  of  Salt  Lake  City;  the  Brigham  Young 
College,  Logan;  the  Weber  Stake  Academy, 
and  the  Sacred  Heart  Academy,  Ogden. 

The  state  makes  liberal  provision  for  the 
free  education  of  all.  Utah  is  among  the  first 
states  of  the  Union  in  the  amount  per  capita 


^Per  cent 

'° 

20       30       40       S"       bo       10       So       qo     100 

Total  native  born.  _ 

i   i   :   i   i   '   i   ;   i   1 

Jllhio!, 

I      ! 

J.'U'a 

1      1 

AV-j.  York 

L    i 

O'l.o 

■ 

ftnusyhaHta 

I 

Fig.  59.     The  state  of  birth  of  the 

1    1 

native-horn  population  and  the 

Colorado 

Jdoho 

percentage  of  persons  from 

each  specified  state  living 

in  Utah,  census 

^It  other  stales 

^I 

of  igoo. 

sj:ent  annually 
for  education. 
Text-books  are 
furnished  free. 
Domestic  and 
industrial  work 
are  receiving 
increasing  at- 
tention.     At 

several    places 
University  at  Salt  Lake  City.  ^j^^^g    ^^^    ^^_ 

mestic  and  physical  laboratories  of  the  most 
approved  kind. 

Population.  Utah  had,  in  1900,  a  popula- 
tion of  a  little  more  than  275,000  people,  or 
about  three  and  four-tenths  inhabitants  to 
the  square  mile.  (Fig.  58.)  With  this  popula- 
tion it  ranks  forty-third  among  the  states  of 
the  Union.  Outside  of  the  irrigated  districts 
and  the  mining  regions,  in  which  are  gathered 
the  greater  part  of  the  people,  the  population 
of  Utah  is  sparse.     In  fact,  more  than  one- 


Tctal  foreign  born  _ 

England 

Denmark 

—     ^ 

S-Jjeden 

1^^ 

Scotland 

1 
^     1 

Germany 

^      1 

Wales 

X'Jrway 

^U  others ^^__ 

tl 

Fig.  60.      The  proportion  of 
foreign-horn  population  of 
each  leading  country, 
census  of  igoo. 

half  of  the  state  has  less  than  two  inhabi- 
tants to  the  square  mile. 

Immigration,  chiefly  from  foreign  coun- 
tries, is  constantly  increasing  the  popula- 
tion. In  1900  the  foreign-bom  population 
was  53,777,  or  approximately  one-fifth  of  all 
the  inhabitants  of  the  state.  (Fig.  60.)  Eng- 
lish, Danes,  Swedes,  Scotch,  and  Germans  are 
the  most  numerous  of  the  European  peoi)les 
that  have  migrated  to  Utah. 

Of  the  native-bom  population  (Fig.  59) 
more  than  four-fifths  were  bom  within  the 
state. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


33 


II.     GROWTH   AXD   DEVELOPMEXT 
OF  CITIES  AXD   TOUWS 

Distribution  of  Cities  and  Towns.  The  popu- 
lation of  Utah  is  not  uniformly  distributed  over 
the  state,  but  is  chiefly  grouped  in  a  strip 
extending  along  the  entire  western  base  of  the 
Wasatch  Mountains.  (Fig.  6i.)  This  wide 
mountainous  belt  is  cut  by  numerous  valleys, 
and  it  followed  naturally  that  exploration  and 
settlement  should  be  along  these  valleys. 

While  about  one-third  of  Utah's  population  is 
gathered  into  incorpo- 
rated places  the  number 
of  its  large  cities  is 
small,  there  being  only 
four  containing  more 
than  8.000  people.  The 
number  of  small  towns 
is  unusually-  large.  This 
is  due  to  the  plan  the 
first  settlers,  who  were 
all  farmers,  followed  of 
grouping  their  homes 
around  a  common  cen- 
ter, in  order  to  have  the 
advantages  of  town  life. 

Salt  Lake  City  and 
Neighboring  Cities  and 
Towns.  Salt  Lake  City 
(Fig.  62),  the  capital  of 
Utah  and  county  seat 
of  Salt  Lake  County,  the 
chief  cit}^  of  the  valley 
and  of  the  state,  is  the 
most  important  city  be- 
tween Denver  and  the 
Pacific  Coast.  It  is 
located  on  the  Jordan 
River  and  is  about  twelve  miles  from  the  shore 
of  Great  Salt  Lake.  A  few  miles  to  the  east  of 
the  city  the  abrupt  face  of  the  Wasatch  Moun- 
tains rises  more  than  a  thousand  feet  above  the 
valley,  and  a  little  farther  to  the  west  rises  the 
Oquirrh  Range,  famous  for  its  mineral  wealth. 

The  city  is  the  distributing  center  for  a  vast 
area  important  for  mining  and  also  for  stock 
raising  and  farming,  and  its  interests  are  chiefly 
commercial.     As  the   headquarters  for  several 


large  mining  and  smelting  companies  and  min- 
eral mills,  it  receives  material  gain  from  the 
rich  mineral  deposits  of  the  near-by  states  of 
Nevada,  Idaho,  and  Colorado  in  addition  to 
those  of  Utah.  The  industrial  establishments 
include  car  shops,  breweries,  cand}-  factories, 
a  cocoa  factory,  shoe  factories,  foundries  and 
machine  shops,  lime  and  cement  works,  saddlery 
and  harness  factories,  a  picture  factory,  tobacco, 
cigar,  and  cigarette  shops,  and  lumber  mills. 

The  city  has  an  area  of  more  than  fifty  square 
miles.     It  was  planned  on  a  grand  scale,  most 
of  the  blocks  containing 


'"JJOJ' 


Fig.  61. 


The  distribution  of 
census  of 


ten  acres  each.  The 
streets  are  wide,  regular, 
and  very  generally  lined 
with  shade  trees,  while 
a  network  of  irrigation 
ditches  covers  the  whole 
city.  Most  of  the  wards 
ha\-e  a  public  square  of 
nearly  ten  acres.  Lib- 
erty Park  (Fig.  62)  con- 
tains one  hundred  ten 
acres.  Salt  Lake  City 
has  fine  water  and  sewer 
systems,  as  well  as 
an  excellent  street-car 
service. 

There  are  ten  banks, 
a  clearing  house,  two 
stock  exchanges,  and 
several  loan  incorpora- 
tions. The  purchase  of 
bullion  amounts  to  more 
than  $15,000,000  annu- 
ally. There  are  also 
many  flourishing  mer- 
cantile establishments, 
the  largest  of  which  sells  goods  amounting  in 
value  to  more  than  $4,500,000  annually.  The 
city  contains  a  number  of  handsome  buildings; 
the  most  imposing  being  those  erected  by  the 
Mormon  Church.  The  great  Temple  (Fig.  64), 
built  of  fine  white  granite  quarried  in  a  moun- 
tain canyon  a  few  miles  south  of  the  city,  is 
ninety-nine  feet  wide  and  about  one  hundred 
sixty-six  feet  long.  The  main  building  is  a  little 
more  than  one  hundred  seven  feet  high  with  six 


urban  population  in  Utah 

JQOO. 


34 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  62.     A  map  of  Salt  Lake  City. 


towers,  each  rising  more  than  fifty  feet  higher. 
The  Tabernacle  (Fig.  64),  standing  close  by,  is 
one  story,  its  walls  enclosing  one  room  only,  one 
hundred  fifty  feet  wide  by  two  hundred  fifty  feet 
long,  and  covered  with  a  great  arched  roof.  It 
will  seat  eight  thousand  people,  and  often  twelve 
thousand  people  have  been  accommodated.  It 
is  especially  noted  for  having  one  of  the  greatest 
and  finest  pipe  organs  in  the  world.  The  City 
and  County  building  (Fig.  63)  is  occupied  as  the 
state  capitol  at  the  present  time.  Among  other 
important  buildings  are  the  Catholic  Cathedral, 
a  magnificent  structure  now  nearing  completion, 
and  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  both  on 
the  same  street  as  the  Temple;  the  Salt  Lake 
Theater,  built  in  1858;  the  Exposition  building; 
the  new  Federal  building  (Fig.  53);  the  Latter- 
Day  Saints',  Holy  Cross,  and  St.  Mark's  hospi- 


tals; and  the  University  of  Utah  (Fig.  55).  The 
city  has  two  important  libraries;  one  the  public 
library,  containing  nearly  fifteen  thousand  vol- 
umes, and  the  other  the  state  law  library  with 
ten  thousand  volumes. 

The  city  is  well  supplied  with  transportation 
facilities,  half  a  dozen  railroads  either  passing 
through  the  city  or  having  their  terminus  there. 

The  government  of  the  city  consists  of  the 
mayor,  a  council  of  fifteen  members,  a  treasurer, 
a  recorder,  an  auditor,  and  two  judges,  elected 
for  terms  of  two  years.  The  appointive  officers 
are:  chief  of  police,  fire  chief,  board  of  public 
works,  water  master,  health  officer,  and  build- 
ing inspector. 

Salt  Lake  City  was  founded  July  24,  1847, 
the  day  the  first  Mormon  emigrants  reached  the 
territory.     Its  increase  in  population  has  been 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Fig.  63.     The  City  and  Cmtnty  building,  bait  Lake  City. 


rapid.  Thirteen  years  after  its  beginning,  i860, 
its  population  was  8,237;  ^^  187°  it  had  a 
population  of  12,854;  in  i88o,  20,768;  in  1890, 
44,843;  in  1900,  53,531;  and  in  1907,  83,122, 
estimated  from  the  school  census. 

Near  by  and  to  the  south  of  Salt  Lake  City 
are  Murray,  Sandy,  and  Bingham  Junction  (Fig. 
46),  and  twelve  miles  to  the  west  Garfield,  all 
busy  towns  with  great  smelters  for  the  reduction 
of  ores.  Farther  away,  in  the  mountains  to  the 
east  and  to  the  southwest,  are  some  of  the  richest 
mining  districts  of  the  state,  and  here  we  find 
a  number  of  growing  and  important  towns. 
Among  these  is  Park  City  (Fig.  65),  in  the  heart 
of  the  Wasatch,  thirty  miles  east  of  and  closely 
connected  by  two  railroads  mth  the  capital.  It 
is  an  important  and  prosperous  city,  the  center 
of  vast  mining  industries.  To  the"  southwest  of 
Park  City  is  Alia,  a  silver-mining  camp  and  near 


r.iK 


■  1  Ir.  S.ilt  Lake  Cttv. 


to  large  deposits  of  white  granite,  of  which  the 
great  temple  at  Salt  Lake  City  was  built;  and 
beyond  that  Bingham  Canyon  (Figs.  41,  42,  and 
43),  a  bustling  mining  town  in  the  wonderful 
Bingham  or  West  Mountain  district. 

In  the  fertile  valley  of  the  Jordan  are  found 
the  flourishing  towns  of  Miller,  Brinton,  West 
Jordan,  Draper,  and  Riverton,  trade  centers  for 
a  rich  agricultural  region. 

Beyond  the  Oquirrh  Mountains,  directly  south 
of  Great  Salt  Lake  in  Tooele  County,  lie  Tooele, 
the  county  seat  of  the  county,  and  Grantsvillc, 
both  prosperous  mining  and  agricultural  towns. 

Ogden  and  Other  Cities  and  Towns  of  the 
Lake  Shore  Region.  The  chief  city  of  this  region 
is  Ogden   (Figs.  66  and  67),  the  county  seat  of 


Fig.  65.     A  general  view  of  the  Silver  King  Works  at 

Park  City.     The  city  owes  its  prosperity  largely  to 

the  adjacent  mines,  the  Silver  King  being  one  of 

a  number  unusually  rich  in  ore  deposits. 

Weber  County  and  the  second  city  in  size  and 
importance  in  the  state.  It  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  the  Weber  River  at  the  base  of  Ogden 
Peak,  thirty-seven  miles  north  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
Ogden 's  splendid  transportation  facilities  have 
made  it  a  great  shipping  and  distributing  point. 
Its  manufacturing  interests  are  also  important 
and  include  smelting  works,  woolen  and  knit- 
ting mills,  flouring  mills,  a  sugar  factory,  brick 
and  tile  works,  canning  works,  and  many  other 
industries.  Ogden  Canyon,  opening  at  the  city 
limits,  is  noted  for  its  picturesque  scenery  and 
for  its  waterfall.  This  waterfall  suppHes  one  of 
the  greatest  power  dams  in  the  state,  and  fur- 
nishes light,  heat,  and  power  for  Ogden  and  Salt 
Lake  City,  as  well  as  for  intermediate  towns. 
The  State  Industrial  School,  the  State  Institu- 


36 


THE  CxEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


tion  for  the  Deaf.  Dumb, 
and  Blind,  the  Sacred 
Heart  Academy,  and  the 
Weber  Stake  Academy 
are  all  located  here.  In 
the  vicinity  are  many 
fine  health  and  summer 
resorts.  Among  these 
are  the  famous  Utah 
Hot  Springs ;  the  waters 
being  said  to  equal  those 
of  Arkansas  or  Carlsbad. 
Iron,  coal,  lime,  and  salt 
are  obtained  close  by. 

To  the  north  of  Ogden 
the  principal  towns  are 
North  Ogdcn,  Plain  City, 
Willard  (Fig.  68),  Brig- 
ham,  and  Corinne;  to 
the  south  Hooper,  Lay- 
ton,  Kaysville,  Farm- 
in  gton,  Ccntcrvillc, 
Bountiful,  and  Woods 
Cross.  These  towns  are 
trade  centers  for  rich 
farming,  fruit-growing, 
and  dairying  districts,  and  nearly  all  are  located 
on  main  lines  of  railroad.  Brigham,  the  most 
important  of  the  group,  is  a  busy  place,  having 
rolling  and  woolen  mills  and  a  cannery  among 
its  industrial  plants.  Layton  is  noted  for  its 
honey,  and  stock-raising  and  milling  are  among 
its  industries.  Kaysville  has  canning  and  other 
industries. 
Farmington  has 
a  large  cannery, 
a  good  trade  in 
honey,  and  is 
much  frequent- 
ed as  a  summer 
resort.  Woods 
Cross  has  a  large 
canning  factory. 

Cities  and 
Towns  of  the 
Cache  Valley 
Region.  Logan. 
the  chief  city  of 
this   fertile   sec- 


■^  tl  jL"i 


w 


tion,  is  the  county  seat 
of  Cache  County,  and  the 
third  city  in  size  in  the 
state.  It  lies  on  the  east 
side  of  Cache  Vallej-,  on 
the  Logan  River,  and  is 
an  important  trade  and 
manufacturing  center. 
Here  we  find  sawmills, 
a  beet-sugar  factory,  a 
brewery,  knitting  mills, 
canneries,  a  milk  con- 
densary,  and  other  in- 
dustrial plants.  The 
city  owns  and  operates 
the  waterworks,  and  is 
lighted  by  electricity, 
the  power  for  the  plant 
being  supplied  by  the 
Logan  River.  The  sur- 
plus power  of  the  electri- 
cal plant  is  transmitted 
to  the  mines  in  the 
Tintic  district,  150  miles 
distant.  The  State 
Agricultural  College, 
Brigham  Young  College,  the  New  Jersey  Acade- 
my, and  a  Mormon  temple  are  located  here. 

North  of  Logan  are  Smithficld,  Richmond,  and 
Lcwiston,  and  to  the  northwest  Clarkston,  trade 
centers  in  a  productive  farming  and  dairying 
country.  There  is  a  large  beet-sugar  factory  at 
Lewiston,  and  a  milk  condensary  at  Richmond. 
To  the  south 
of  Logan  are 
Providoicc,  with 
an  excellent 
trade  in  small 
fruits,  honey, 
and  sugar  beets; 
and  H  yr  u  m , 
a  prosperous 
little  city,  hav- 
ing besides  its 
fruit  and  farm- 
ing interests, 
woolen  mills 
and  other  in- 
dustrial plants. 


1  map  of  the  city  of  Ogden. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


37 


Valley,  are  Hcbcr  and  Midway,  the  most  impor- 
tant places  in  a  farming  and  stock-raising  region. 
Near  Heber  are  the  noted  "Hot  Pots."  To  the 
northwest  of  Provo,  and  not  far  from  the  city, 
are  the  flourishing  towns  of  Pleasant  Grove  and 
American  Fork,  and  a  little  farther  away,  on 
Utah  Lake,  the  beautiful  city  of  Lehi,  all  thriv- 


FlG.  68.    Scene  in  the  Lake  Shore  Region  near  Willard. 

Wcllsville,  southwest  of  Logan,  and  directly  west 
of  Hyrum,  has  dairy  and  other  interests. 

Provo  and  the  Neighboring  Cities  and  Towns. 

Provo  (Fig.  70),  the  county  seat  of  Utah  County, 
picturesquely  situated  on  the  Provo  River  be- 
tween Utah  Lake  and  the  Wasatch  Mountains, 
ranks  fourth  among  the  cities  of  the  state  in 
population.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  agri- 
cultural region  and,  has  excellent  transportation 
facilities;  fruit  is  shipped  from  this  point  all 
over  the  country.  A  large  electrical  plant  at 
the  entrance  to  Provo  Canyon  supplies  the  city 
with  light  and  power.  Manufacturing  (Fig.  49), 
merchandising,  mining,  fruit  and  stock  raising, 
gardening,  and  dairying  are  among  the  occupa- 
tions of  the  people.  Provo  is  noted  for  its  excel- 
lent educational  advantages  and  has  many  fine 
homes.  Here  are  locat- 
ed the  Brigham  Young 
University,  the  largest 
school  in  Utah,  and 
Proctor  Academy.  In 
the  neighboring  moun- 
tains are  several  health 
and  pleasure  resorts.  A 
few  miles  northeast  ijf 
the  city,  in  the  pictur- 


.4  street  scene  in  Provo. 
most  deiighljnl  0/  i'lali'. 


This  is  one  of  the 
cities. 


esque  Provo  Canyon,  are 
the  beautiful  "Bridal 
Veil  Falls."  (Fig.  12.) 
About  twenty-five  miles 
to  the  northeast  of 
Provo,  in  the  Provo 


ing  trade  centers  for  honey,  fruits,  and  farm 
products.  Lehi  is  also  a  supply  point  for  the 
great  mining  regions  beyond,  and  is  noted  a; 
having  the  largest  beet  sugar  factory  in  the 
country.  (Fig.  71.)  Not  far  to  the  southwest 
of  Lehi,  in  the  Oquirrh  Mountains,  is  Mcrcnr,  a 
mining  town  in  the  rich  Camp  Floyd  district. 

To  the  south  of,  and  near  Provo,  we  find  the 
flourishing  cities  of  Springvillc  and  Spanish  Fork, 
both  with  thriving  man- 
ufacturing industries; 
and  still  farther  on,  to 
the  southwest,  the 
growing  railroad  towns 
of  Payson,  Santaqnin, 
Goshen,  and  Mount 
Nebo,  market  centers  for 
excellent  farming  and 
stock-raising  districts. 
A  few  miles  southwest 
of  Mount  Nebo  we  come 
to  the  town  of  Eureka 
(Fig.  72) ,  the  busy  indus- 
FiG.  69  Looking  down  into  Logan  from  one  of  the  upper  t^al  center  of  the  great 
benches,  and  showing  now  the  desert  may  be  ....  . 

transformed  by  irrigation.  Tintic  mining  region. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Other  Cities 
and  Towns  of 
Utah.  South  of 
the  Utah  Valley 
the  country  is 
far  less  densely 
populated,  and 
there  we  find 
few  important 
cities  and  towns. 
Chief  among  the 
towns  of  this 
section,  in  a  fine 
farming  region , 
are  NepJi-i,  in 
Juab  County, 
and  Fairview,  Hit.  Pleasant,  Spring  City,  Moroni, 
Epliraim,  and  Maiiti,  in  Sanpete  County.  At 
Manti  we  find  the  second  largest  Mormon  temple 
in  the  state,  built  of  the  white  sandstone  found 
in  the  vicinity.  The  town  has  manufactories 
and  two  railroads;  good  coal  is  mined  near  by. 

Southwestward  from  Manti,  Richfidd,  in  a  min- 


FlG.  71 


Beet-sugar  factory  at  Lehi 
established 


This  was  the  first  sugar  factory 
in  Utah. 


A  view  of  Eureka,  one  of  the  principal  toivns  in 
the  great  Tintic  mining  district. 

ing  and  farming  district,  is  the  most  important 
town  in  Sevier  County,  and  the  supplj-  point  for 
the  Gold  Mountain  mining  district.  Monroe,  a 
prosperous  town  in  the  same  county,  has  fine 
mineral  springs.  Marysvale,  to  the  southwest  of 
that  place,  in  Piute  County,  is  the  outlet  for  the 
Marysvale  mining  district;  Panguitch,  still  far- 
ther south,  in  Garfield  County,  is  the  market 
and  supply  center  for  a  farming  and  stock-rais- 
ing region,  as  are  also  Escalante  on  the  Escalante 


R i  \' e r  in  the 
central  part  of 
the  same  coun- 
ty, and  Kaiiab, 
in  Kane  County. 
St.  George,  in 
the  extreme 
southwestern 
corner  of  the 
state,  the  coun- 
ty seat  of  Wash- 
ington County, 
is  the  chief  town 
of  that  section. 
Northeast  of 
"that  place  are 
Cedar  City,  the  seat  of  the  Branch  State  Normal 
School,  and  Parowan,  large  towns  in  Iron  Coun- 
ty; while  Beaver  City,  farther  to  the  north  in 
Beaver  County,  is  an  important  little  city  with 
an  academy.  Beyond  Beaver  City  lies  Fillmore 
City,  the  county  seat  of  Millard  County,  once 
the  capital  of  the  state  and  now  the  trade  cen- 
ter of  a  thriving  farming  country. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  important 
settlements  are  few  in  number.  Here  we  find 
Coalville,  in  a  farming,  stock-raising,  and  coal- 
mining district  in  Summit  County;  Vernal,  a 
trade  and  market  center  in  Uinta  County;  Price 
and  Castlegate,  with  large  mining  industries  (Figs. 
40  and  73),  in  Carbon  County;  Moab  in  Grand, 
and  Fcrron  and  Huntington  in  Emery  counties. 


Fu;.  73.     Castlegate,  tite  majestic  gateway  to  Price  Kiver 

Canyon.     The  town  near  by  derives  its  natne  from 

the  gigantic  pillars  that  guard  this  entrance. 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


39 


///.     STATISTICS  AXD  AIDS  TO  TEACHERS. 


Statistics  of  the  State  of  Utah  by  Counties,  from  the  Federal  Census  of  1900  and  State  Estimates  for  1908. 


Beaver 

Boxelder 

Cache 

Carbon , 

Davis 

Emery 

Garfield 

Grand 

Iron 

S-::::::::;:::;:;: 

Millard 

Morgan 

Piute 

Rich 

Salt  Lake 

San  Juan 

Sanpete 

3eYU!r 

Summit 

Tooele 

Uinta 

Utah 

Wasatch 

Washington 

Wayne 

Weber 

Uinta  Valley  and 

Uncomphagre  Ind.  Res. 


1 866 

3.580 

4,350 

3,613 

1866 

5.436 

10,009 

1866 

i.iSi 

21.500 

18.139 

1894 

1.S96 

6.200 

5.004 

1866 

28s 

7.200 

7.996 

1880 

4.336 

5.100 

4.657 

1882 

5.103 

4.150 

3.400 

1890 

3.7S9 

1. 150 

1,149 

1S66 

3,284 

3,64s 

3.546 

1866 

3.300 

11,285 

10.0S2 

1866 

4.368 

1,900 

1,811 

1866 

6.664 

5.678 

5,678 

1866 

599 

2.000 

2,045 

1866 

744 

2,000 

1,954 

1866 

1,030 

1.925 

1.946 

1S66 

768 

140.000 

77,725 

1880 

S.023 

1.023 

1,023 

1 856 

1.S61 

17.500 

16.313 

1866 

1.880 

9.200 

8,451 

lS56 

1.93- 

10.600 

9,439 

1866 

6.901 

7,361 

7,361 

1880 

5.190 

7,500 

6,458 

1866 

2.123 

37.9°o 

J2.455 

1866 

4.147 

5.001 

4,735 

2.457 

5,070 

4,5l2 

1892 

2,372 

2.000 

1,907 

1 866 

544 

43,000 

25.239 

ARM  PROPERTY 
INCLUDING 
LIVE    STOCK 


917.668 
4.429,116 
6,347,995 

459.261 
4,815.819 
1.272,268 

919,604 

715,659 

611,606 
1.591.969 

706.767 
2.534.144 

914.556 

559.275 
2.392.363 
11.111.6S4 

518,716 
5,624,738 
2,607,218 
2,592,580 
2,149,962 
2,044,353 
8,888,009 
1,623.105 
1.088.900 

541.479 
5.231,094 

963.230 


710.S94 

[,083.149 
94.488 
905,646 
228,309 
203,829 
134,016 
167,136 
313, n6 
152,436 
423,922 
166,711 
118,998 
468,521 

:. 768,431 
136.143 

.090.233 
482.747 
447.519 
424.3SS 
381.300 

.725.139 
275.147 
233.142 
122.172 

,070,920 


199,128 
251,217 
5i,i7l 
56,214 
4,398 
31,610 
216,701 
16.551 
57.161 
33,110 


337.958 
168.575 
129.467 
111.910 
101.611 
1,654,817 
63.775 
39,148 
17.435 
2,421,679 


COUNTY   SEAT 


POPULATION 


Beaver  City 2 ,: 

Brigham 3,; 

Logan 

Price 

Farmington.  . . 

Castle  Dale 

Panguitch 

Moab 

Parowan 

Nephi 

Kanab 

Fillmore  City. . 

Morgan 

Junction 

Randolph 

Salt  Lake  City. 

Monticello 

Manti '    3,0 

Richfield.. 
Coalville. . 
Tooele. . . . 
Vernal...  . 

Provo 

Heber. .  .  . 
St.  George, 

Loa 

Ogden... . 


;83. 


2,839 

5,451 

539 

96S 


276 
,039 

!,208  . 
710 
.037 

249 


2,408 
1,969 

8og 

664 
6,185 

1.534 

x,6oo 

443 

■  6.313 


Population  of  the  Leading  Cities  and  Towns  of  Utah 

at  each  Federal  Census  from  i860  to  1900, 

and  State  Estimates  for  1908. 


Population  of  the  Leading  Cities  and  Towns — Continued. 


CITIES   AND    TOWNS 


Salt  Lake  City.... 

Ogden 

Logan 

Provo 

Spring\-ille 

Eureka 

Spanish  Fork 

Park  City 

Brigham 

Payson 

Mt.  Pleasant 

American  Fork... 

Lehi 

Manti 

Nephi 

Murray 

Pleasant  Grove... 

Ephraim 

Richfield. 

Beaver  City 

Bountiful 

Hvrum 

Heber 

Bingham  Canyon 

Garfield 

St.  George 

Cedar  City 

Kaysville 

Smithfield 

Spring  City 

Miller 

West  Jordan .... 

Moroni 

Hooper 

Lewiston 

North  Ogden. .  . . 

Fairview 

Coalville 

Tooele 

Parowan 

Farmington 

Panguitch 

Providence 


3,800 
3,500 
3.300 


2,900 
2,500 
2.500 
2.500 
2.500 
2,000 


2,735 
3,759 
2.839 
2.636 


44.843I20.768J 
14.889I  6.069 
4.565    3.396 


1.31S 
1.436 
1,346 


CITIES    AND   TOWNS  1    190S   '    I900 


80   I    1870     i860 


Vernal 

Price 

Grantsville... 

Monroe 

Fillmore  City 

Sandy 

Wellsville 

Salem 

Santaquin. . .  . 


539! 

,058! 


Population  of  Utah  at  Each  Federal  Census  from 
1850  to  1900. 


YEARS 

HANK 

OF 
STATE 

TOTAL 
POPULATION 

INCREASE 
IN  TEN 
YEARS 

PER  CENT  1  DENSITY 

OF        PER 
INCREASE]  SQ.  MILE 

18SO 

i860 

1870 

1880 

1890 

1900 

35 
37 
39 
30 
40 
43 

11.380 
40,273 
86.786 
143,963 
207.903 
276,749 

28.893 
46.313 
57.177 
63.942 
67.047 

253-9   1    0.2 
iiS-5  '         I.I 
63.9  '    1.8 
44 . 4      2.6 
32.2      34 

State  or  Country  of  Birth  of  Population  of  Utah,  1900. 


STATE 

Native  to  state. 

Illinois 

Iowa 

New  York 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania.  . . 

Missouri 

Colorado 

Idaho 

Nebraska 

Indiana 

Wyoming 


S1.SS6 
3.S70 
3,03s 
3.032 


Caiifomia 

All     other    states 

territories 

Total  native  bom  . 


COUNTRY 

England. . .  . 
Denmark.  .  . 

Sweden 

Scotland 

Germany .  .  . 

Wales 

Nonvay 

Ireland 

Switzerland. 

Canada 

Italy 

Finland 

China 


Other  countries 

Total  foreign  bom. 


40 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Total  Production  of  Principal  Minerals  from  January, 
1880,  to  December  31,  1905. 


iSSo, 
1S81 
1882 
1883 
1SS4 
1S85 
1886 
1SS7 
1 838 
i8S<) 
1890 
1891 
1892 
i8oj 
1894 
189s 
1S96 
1897 
189S 
1899 


144.317 
186,836 
144. S03 
114.305 
184.025 
218,626 
235.369 
387,023 
516,233 
699,700 
747.427 
789.221 
.117.668 
,166,346 


1,35 


190 


1.940,830 
1,663.252 
2.168,283 
3.581.40S 
4.263.414 
3.945.303 
4.007. 1S9 
4,004,660 
5.688,714 
S.149.7S7 


4,029,50 

5.503.-6 

6.114,874 

4.984.939 

6,123.047 

6,211.596 

5.860,837 

5. 976.884 

5. 787. 527 

6,656,249 

S.492,209 

8,759. 

7,792,388 

5.233.965 

4.193.674 

5,366,032 

5,843.868 

4.522.058 

4.403.854 

4.612,35 

6.248,610 

6.S01.816 

7.915.338 


1,414.898 
1.308.538 
1.203,313 
1,468,246 
2,098,766 
2,657,495 
2,505,720 
1,542,135 
895.124 
1,486,427 
1,358,456 
1,818,607 
2.348.99S 
2.701.869 
3.122.863 
3.210.967 
S. 314.098 
4. 70S. 929 
5. 169.291 
4.897  532 


COPPER  AGGREGATE 


206.079 
76,536 
IOO.9S3 
91.130 
69,060 
53.308 
151.532 
267.139 
313.677 

.iU'.oVo 
!.S14.597 


1.459.15 
'.379.13 
1,329,600 


i  4.981,339 
6,749,129 
8,149,231 
6,876,768 
7.393.541 
7,617,793 
7,638,814 
7.645.357 
7.566.544 
8,846,807 
11,367.211 
12.26i.lll 
11,178.450 
7.962.82S 
6,308,452 
8,356,181 
0,410,293 
8.317.504 
9.347.826 

12..4I,62,S 

16,149,484 

17.708,33-, 

20,391.145 
24.553.422 


Coal  Mined   in   Principal   Coal-bearing  Counties,  State 
Bureau  of  Statistics. 


COUNTY 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1.526.387 

49.841 

7,901 

1,700 

1,506,027 
64,411 
10,450 
13.290 
10,300 

64.750 

1.416.623 
61,320 
7,733 
1.290 

3.520 

10  000 

Iron 

Other  small  mines 

63.550 

Value  of  Live  Stock   in  Utah,  Federal  Census  of  1900 
and  State  Bureau  of  Statistics,  1907  (Estimated). 


LIVE    STOCK 


All  domestic  animals 

Sheep 

Cattle 

Horses  and  mules .  . . 

Hogs 

Poultry 


21.175.867 
10.256,488 
7.152,844 
3.455.163 


Value  of  Agricultural  Products  of  Utah,  Federal  Census 
of  1900  and  State  Bureau  of  Statistics,  1907. 


All  crops 

All  cereals 

All  vegetables 

All  fruits 

Hay  and  forage 

Wheat 

Oats 

Com 

Barley 

Potatoes 

Sugar  beets 

Clover  seed 

Nursery  and  orchard  products 

Small  fruits  and  grapes 

Wool 

Dairy  products 

Eggs 

Honey  and  wax 

Sorghum 

Vegetables  (Misc.) 


308.323 
3.862.820 
■  .575.064 

553.847 

I2l!826 

487.816 

365,782 

127.901 

38S.873 

145.225 

2.599.638 

1.522.932 

424.628 

94.364 

12.003 

362,782 


8.603,252 
3,557,043 
1.657.052 


941.50 

184,00 

4,300,00 


Some  Farm  Statistics  of  Utah,  State  Census, 

1905. 

ecu. STY 

FARMS 

TOTAL 
ACREAGE 

(ACRES)  1        ^^^" 

UNDER 
CULTI- 
VATION 

Beaver 

Boxelder 

Cache 

Carbon 

Davis 

Emerv 

Garfield 

Grand 

374 

1. 741 
240 
897 
568 
415 

382 
512 
161 
478 
287 
213 
308 

4.739 
775 

1.482 
772 

407 
40s 
2.628 
560 
344 

1.408 

24.283 
164,803 
249.655 
25,522 
72,734 
52,580 
37,382 
16,744 
17,148 
38,417 
14.852 
53.783 
24.113 
25.167 
128.728 
149.63s 
6,96s 
128,688 
55.008 
65.583 
61, 470 
38,01s 
151,160 
22,783 
9,288 
16,040 
95.280 

64.9 
134.9 
143    3 
106.3 
81.0 
02-7 
90.1 
139    5 
44-9 
750 
89.8 
112.5 
.84. 0 
108.9 
417    9 
31.5 
92.8 
86.8 
71  -3 
90.8 
123-7 
03-8 
57-5 
40.0 
27.0 
75-7 
67.6 

2I,OI3 

138,240 

266,077 
10.005 
66.128 
31.660 
26.413 
8.614 
13.020 
30.134 
13.817 
S0.113 
19.312 
21.126 
79.888 

115,096 
S.909 
93.180 
45. 536 
34.513 
52.100 
34.071 

"33.215 
20,184 
8, 208 
10,788 
78,856 

I  1 ,039 
61,973 
105,956 
6,554 
35.357 
18.580 
9.592 
3,579 

Juab..... 

Millard  '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
Morgan 

13.571 
5.090 

19.333 
7.730 

Rich 

Salt  Lake 

San  Juan 

Sanpete 

11.14S 
57.138 
2.584 
50.813 

Summit 

Tooele 

Uinta 

31.955 
16,270 

Utah 

Wasatch 

Washington. .  .  . 

Wavne 

Weber 

80,206 
14.82s 
6,058 
6,906 
42.413 

Forest  Reserves, 

NAME                                                          LOCATION  ACRES 

Aquarius Garfield  and  Wayne 639,000 

Bear  River Cache  and  Rich 267,920 

Beaver Beaver,  Piute   and  Sevier 261,593 

Dixie Washington 465,920 

Fillmore Millard,  Juab,  and  Sevier 399,600 

Fish  Lake Sevier  and  Wayne 2S8.S00 

Glemvood .  .Sevier  and  Piute 17.1. S96 

Grantsville Tooele 68,960 

La  Sal San  Juan  and  Grand 128,960 

Manti Utah.    Carbon,    Sanpete,    Sevier,    and 

Emery 777,920 

Monticello San  Juan 214,270 

Pavson Juab,  Utah,  and  Sanpete 167,280 

Ratt  River Boxelder 117.203 

Salt  Lake Salt  Lake 95.440 

Sevier Garfield,  Kane,  and  Iron 710,920 

Uinta Wasatch,  Summit,  and  Uinta 2,187.550 

Vernon Tooele 68, 800 

Wasatch Salt  Lake  and  Utah 85.440 

Total -                 .             ..^ 7.II0.4T2 

Elevations  of  the  Principal  Places  in  Utah. 


Bear  River 

Beaver  City 

Beaver.  Mount 1 

Bingham  Canvon 

Blue  Gate  Plateau  6.800  to 

Brigham 

Camp  Douglas 

Cottonwood 

Deseret 

Deseret.  Mount 1 

Emmons  Peak.  Uinta  Mts .  i 
Eph 


eka. 


Ft.  Duchesne 

Gilbert  Peak 

Goshen 

Grass  Vallev 6.2 

Great  Salt  Lake 

Green  River 

Gu 


UDES 
2,450 
4.563 
4,498 
S.970 
2.085 
5.862 

4  305 

5.024 
4. 5, SO 
4,600 
1.047 
3.624 
5.543 
6,464 
4.041 
3.687 
4.542 


Gunnison  Plateau  7,000  to 

Heber 

Horeb.  Mount 

Hot  Springs  Salt  Lake  Co.. 
Indian  Head,   Tavaputs 

Plateau 

Juab  Valley 5.000  to 

Kanab 

Lee  Springs,  Fremont  Pass 

Lehi 

Logan 

Logan  Peak ] 


9,800 
5.550 
7.831 


9.810 
6,000 
4.025 
6,883 
4.5SO 
4.507 
0,004 


ALTITUDES 

Manti 5.530 

Markagunt 8.000  to  i  i.ooo 

Marysvale 5-830 

Marysvale  Peak 10,359 

Moraine  Valley. .  .0,000  to  10,000 

Mountain  Meadow .    5.741 

Mount  Nebo 11,887 

Nephi 5.119 

Ogden 4.307 

Ogden  Peak 9.592 

Panguitch 6.550 

Park  City 6.970 

Parowan  Vallev.  .  .5.000  to  6.200 
Peale,  Mount.  La  Sal  Mts.  .  1  1,089 

Pleasant  Valley 7,500  to  8.200 

Prove 4.5 1  2 

Provo  Peak,  Wasatch  Mts.  11.000 
Round  Lake  Vallev. 5,500  to  6,000 

Salt  Lake  Citv 4.366 

San  Pitch  Valley  .  .5.200  to  6,200 

Sevier 5.542 

Sevier  Plateau  . .  .9.000  to  10.000 

Silver  Citv 6.1 12 

Spanish  Fork 4.57o 

Summit 6,574 

Tooele 4.900 

Tooele  Peak 10,396 

Uinta  Valley 4.700  to  6.000 

Utah  Valley 4.700  to  5,200 

Wasatch  Peak 11.147 

Wasatch  Plateau  8.000  to  11,000 

Waas  Mountain 12.319 

Wilson  Peak I3.300 

Yampa  Plateau..  .  .6,000  to  7.000 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


41 


Irrigation  in  Utah  in  1902,  Government  Report. 


All  sources 

Jordan  River.  Utah  Lake, 
and  tributaries 

Sevier  River  and  tribu 
taries 

Bear  River  and  tribu- 
taries  

Weber  River  and  tribu- 
taries.  

Colorado  River  and  trib 
utaries.  exclusive  of 
Green  River 

Green  River  and  tribu- 
taries  

Independent  streams. , . 

Snake  River  tributaries 

Springs  and  wells 


NUMBER  OF  NUMBER  OPi      COST  OP 
IRRIGATED  ACRES        jlRRIGATION  ^m 

FARMS  IRRIGATED.      SYSTEMS 


21.684  '      713.621 

6.220  174,33-; 

3,324  !  127.770 

2.90S  !  135.572 

2.699  78.302 


.453 

.465 

f.308 

S5 


37.335 


S7. 303. 607 

1.751.38Q 

700.907 

2.343,236 

782.813 

445. 7SO 

507.324 
427.297 
■21.060 
233.831 


466 
416 


The  Leading  Manufacturing  Cities  of  Utah  and  Some 

Facts  Concerning  their  Industries,  Federal  Census 

of  1900  and  BixUetin  37,  1905.* 


, NUMBER    NUMBER^     AMOUNT     ;       VALUE 
YEAR    ;         OP  OF  WAGE    OF  WAGES  OF 

PLANTS    EARNERS  PAID  PRODUCT 


:  S7.543.9S3 

_  J  '    6.109,409 

75S.204;     2,997.057 

.801.487 


*  Statistics  for  1905  include  only  factory-  products;  for  previous 
all  products. 


Some  of  the  Leading  Industries  of  Utah  and  the  Value  of  their  Products,  from  th*^  Federal  Census  of   1900  and 

Census  Bulletin  37,  1905.* 


INDUSTRY 


Total  for  state 

Smelting  and  refining  copper 

Flouring  and  grist-mill  products. 


Cars  and  general  shop  construction  and 

steam  railroad  companies 

Printing  and  publishing 


Beet  sugar 

Confectionery 

Butter  and  cheese 

Canning  and  preser\-ing  fruits  and  vegetables . 

Slaughtering  and  meat  packing 

Malt  liquors 

Woolens  and  knit  goods 

Foundry  and  machine-shop  products 

Bread  and  other  bakery  products.. 

Brick  and  tile 

Tobacco,  cigars,  and  cigarets 

Salt 


.SUM  BE  R 

NUMBER 

AMOUNT 

COST 

VALUE 

•EAR 

OF 

CAPITAL 

OF  WAGE 

OF  WAGES 

OF 

OF 

PLANTS 

EARNERS 

PAID 

.MATERIAL 

PRODUCT 

905 

606 

$26,004,011 

8,052 

§5, 157. 400 

824,939.827 

$38,926,464 

900  , 

1.400 

l4.6.io.948 

3.388,370 

12.853.954 

21,156  183 

005 

5 

3.584.788 

I.416 

x,oi6,052 

s. 133.999 

8,498,956 

900 

OOS 

6s 

1.212.439 

150 

91.461 

2,043,054 

2,425.791 

goo 

80 

1. 101.88s 

167 

82,979 

1,401,819 

1,829.840 

905 

7 

522.140 

I.24S 

964.391 

826,678 

1,886,651 

QOO 

10 

496.149 

Q08 

636.076 

604,907 

1.306,591 

905 

lOI 

1.049.497 

519 

3SS.2S7 

311,708 

1,466.549 

900 

548 

287,563 

203,328 

770,824 

905 

4 

1,455.028 

900 

3 

1.789.370 

107 

128,800 

,s6i,oo3 

1.037. 355 

90s 

12 

401.176 

33S 

102,699 

6S8.032 

1,004,601 

QOO 

24 

154.563 

163 

57.357 

224,307 

440,044 

90s 

49 

406.480 

9S 

55.145 

789.377 

963.811 

900 

57 

269,247 

159 

63.135 

550.096 

713.889 

90s 

927,862 

369 

99.300 

506,176 

801,958 

900 

8 

304.258 

141 

37.565 

211,279 

300,349 

905 

3 

147,664 

31 

20,950 

S13.543 

653,314 

900 

S 

83,902 

34 

14.978 

291,477 

343.444 

905 

897,896 

134 

92.557 

176,138 

636,688 

900 

7 

613.992 

89 

53.751 

120,99s 

432,835 

905 

12 

646.267 

455 

137.46s 

337.242 

S94.732 

900 

1 1 

507.531 

285 

91,280 

146,0,2 

288,700 

90s 

21 

450.937 

277 

198.014 

248,203 

587.484 

QOO 

IS 

210.394 

153 

91.976 

63.749 

217,392 

90s 

353.018 

IQI 

90.13J 

280,84s 

541.65s 

900 

29 

209,862 

107 

46,041 

142,149 

291.313 

905 

39 

438,476 

291 

172,598 

68,270 

345.806 

900 

49 

171,357 

249 

89.245 

32,666 

186,449 

905 

27 

106,388 

140 

108,533 

110,722 

297,918 

900 

15 

46,123 

38,499 

49.928 

124,487 

90s 

S 

612,679 

68 

43.927 

51.362 

236,997 

900 

S 

646,850 

59 

23.702 

31.759 

139.488 

Statistics  for  1905  include  only  factory  products;  for  previous  census  all  products. 

The  Principal  Items  of  Utah's  Wealth,  United  States  Bureau  of  Statistics,  1900-1904,  and  Estimates 

of  Local  Bureau,  1906-1907.* 


(a)    REAL    PROPERTY 

And  Improvements 

Live  Stock 

Farm  Implements  and  Machinery 

MANUFACTURING 

Machiner>',  Tools,  and   Implements. 

Gold  and  Silver.     Coin  and  Bullion 

(fr)  Railroads  and  their  Equipment 

Street  Railways.  Water^vorks,  etc 

(c)  Personal  and  Other  Property 


1.413.S37 
1.262,400 

!,922,SSO 

1,217,298 
1,988.235 


Total. 


$412,656,095 


$258,595,674 
20,435,227 
3,598,244 

8,470,645 
6,331.183 
90,325,000 
17,732.89s 
82.279,747 


S487. 768.61 


$273,186,592 
26,043.123 
3,936.091 

10,007,319 
6,502,657 
92.727.000 
19.503.600 
90,349.975 


S344.611.7s7 


4,105,013 

10,910.657 
6.588.394 
loS.  1 78.000 
20.3SS.957 
94.385.089 


S557.892.s38 


states  is  classed  as  "Real."  but  in  the  Census  estimate  wealth  is  reterred  to 


(a)  Exclusive  of  railroad  and  other  property,  which  i 
as  "personal  and  other." 

(b)  Including  telegraph  and  telephone  systems,  electric  light  and  power  stations.  Pullman  and  private  cars,  and  canals. 

(c)  Including  products  of  agriculture,  manufactures  and  mining;  imported  merchandise,  clothing  and  personal  adornments,  furniture, 
carriages,  and  other  kindred  property. 

(•)     It  may  be  noted  that  in  the  estimated  value  of  live  stock  in  1906  as  presented  by  the  Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor  there 
is  a  marked  falling  off  from  1900,  a  decrease  not  borne  out  by  data  collected  by  the  local  bureau. 


42 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


SUGGESTIVE  QUESTIONS  TO  ACCOMPANY  THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


Size  and  Location,  (i)  In  what  part  of  the  United 
States  is  Utahr  By  what  states  is  it  bounded'  (2) 
How  far  is  it  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard;  from  the 
Pacific?  (3)  When  was  Utah  larger  than  it  now  is? 
Mention  the  states  that  have  been  given  some  of  its 
original  territory.  (Use  Fig.  4  to  answer  this  question.) 
(4)  What  meridians  and  parallels  form  its  present  boim- 
dary  ?  What  is  Utah's  length  and  breadth  in  miles ?  (5) 
How  does  it  compare  in  size  with  Colorado,  Wyoming, 
New  York;  with  Xew  England;  with  Great  Britain? 

Surface,  (i)  What  is  a  mountain?  a  plateau?  a  val- 
ley? a  canyon?  Do  you  find  all  these  natural  features 
in  Utah?  (See  Fig.  3.)  (2)  How  do  the  Great  Wasatch 
Moimtains  divide  Utah?  Locate  and  describe  them. 
What  lies  to  the  east  of  them?     What  to  the  west? 

(3)  How  high  is  the  plateau  region?  What  great 
mountain  system  in  the  United  States  has  a  lower  aver- 
age altitude?  What  mountain  groups  rise  above  the 
plateau  ?  (4)  What  large  river  in  the  southeastern  part 
of  the  state  is  formed  by  what  two  other  rivers  ?  What 
world-famous  canyon  is  made  by  this  river?  (5)  Locate 
and  describe  the  Uinta  Mountains.  (6)  Where  is  the 
Great  Basin  ?  Describe  it.  (7)  What  kind  of  moun- 
tains do  you  find  in  it?  Describe  a  block  mountain. 
Define  an  uplift,  a  fault.  (8)  Name  some  of  the  highest 
peaks  in  Utah.  (9)  Find  out  what  a  glacier  is.  (10) 
How  do  we  know  that  glaciers  once  covered  the  moun- 
tains and  plateaus  of  Utah?      (Study  Fig.  S.) 

Geology,  Soils,  Drainage,  (i)  Can  you  define  erosion  ? 
weathering?  detritus?  and  tell  how  they  affect  the  sur- 
face of  a  country?  (2)  What  is  the  cause  of  so  many 
canyons  and  steep  valleys  in  Utah?  (Study  Figs.  9,  10, 
11,12.)  (3)  AVere  there  ever  any  volcanoes  in  Utah? 
(4)  Was  the  surface  of  Utah  always  as  elevated  as  it 
now  is  ?  What  once  occupied  its  entire  area  ?  (5)  How 
was  coal  formed  during  the  early  period  of  uplift  ?  (6) 
Have  rivers  had  an  important  part  in  forming  the  sur- 
face of  Utah?  (7)  Describe  the  soils  of  Utah  and  tell 
how  they  were  formed.  (8)  What  is  meant  by  drain- 
age ?  How  is  the  drainage  of  Utah  divided  ?  (9)  How 
is  the  plateau  section  drained,  and  what  is  peculiar 
about  the  drainage  of  the  Great  Basin?  (10)  Can  you 
describe  some  special  feature  of  the  streams  in  south- 
eastern Utah  ?  (11)  Give  an  account  of  the  great  fresh 
water  lake  that  once  occupied  a  large  part  of  the  Great 
Basin.  How  did  a  part  of  it  become  the  Great  Ameri- 
can Desert,  and  why  are  two  of  the  three  small  lakes 
remaining  on  its  floor  so  salt  ?  What  are  these  lakes  ? 
(12)  Describe  the  peculiarities  of  Great  Salt  Lake. 
(Study  Figs.  17  and  48.)  (13)  Name  the  principal 
rivers  in  Utah  and  tell  into  what  they  fiow.  (14)  What 
kind  of  rivers  affords  Utah  fine  water  power?  (Study 
Fig.  12.)      What  is  meant  by  water  power? 

Climate,  (i)  Why  is  the  climate  of  Utah  dry  and  its 
annual  rainfall  small?  How  does  Utah's  rainfall  com- 
pare with  that  of  the  whole  country  ?  of  the  Mississipjji 


Valley?  of  the  northern  and  southern  Pacific  coasts? 
(3)  In  what  part  of  the  state  is  the  rainfall  heaviest? 
where  lightest?  (See  Fig.  20.)  (In  Fig.  19  you  will 
find  the  record  for  the  state.)  (4)  What  can  you  say 
of  the  temperature  of  your  state'  What  is  its  range? 
(Study  the  isotherms  on  Fig.  22.)  (5)  Tell  how  alti- 
tude affects  both  rainfall  and  teinperature. 

Plants  and  Animals,  (i)  Why  is  the  vegetation  of 
L'tah  varied,  and  why  is  it  small  in  quantity  though 
great  in  variety  ?  (2)  Mention  the  principal  plants  that 
grow  in  the  arid  or  desert  regions.  How  does  irrigation 
affect  vegetation?  (3)  Where  are  the  forested  areas? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  lumber  supply  in  your  state  ? 
How  does  it  compare  with  that  of  Washington,  Wiscon- 
sin, Maine,  or  the  great  Appalachian  region  ?  (4)  What 
are  forest  reserves?  How  are  they  maintained?  (5) 
Why  is  it  necessary  to  have  forest  reserves  ?  (Consult 
Figs.  2  and  23) ;  (also  the  table  on  page  40).  (6)  Name 
the  most  ^•alual)le  timber  trees  in  your  state. 

History  and  Growth,  (i)  Who  was  the  first  white 
man  to  visit  Utah?  What  famous  explorer  made  it 
known  to  the  world  ?  (2)  When  and  b}' whom  was  Utah 
first  settled  ?  What  was  their  object  in  going  there  ? 
Who  was  their  leader?  (3)  What  was  the  name  first 
given  to  Utah  ?  When  was  it  admitted  as  a  state  ?  (4) 
What  first  attracted  other  settlers?  When  and  where 
were  gold  and  silver  first  discovered  ? 

Irrigation,  (i)  Describe  irrigation.  When  is  it  nec- 
essary in  agriculture?  (2)  Why  were  the  Mormons 
compelled  to  make  use  of  it?  (3)  How  many  acres  in 
Utah  are  now  irrigated  ?  How  many  miles  of  irrigating 
canals  are  there?  (Consult  Figs.  25,  27,  and  35  and 
table  on  page  40.) 

Agriculture,  (i)  Why  is  agriculture  the  chief  occu- 
pation of  the  people  of  Utah?  (2)  What  two  methods 
of  farming  are  pursued  ?  (3)  What  are  the  advantages 
of  irrigation,  especially  in  growing  fruit  and  sugar 
beets?  (See  Figs.  26,  33,  and  35  in  illustration.)  How 
does  Utah  rank  in  the  last-mentioned  product?  (4) 
Describe  dry  or  arid  farming.  (5)  Mention  some  of  the 
principal  farm  prodvicts  of  LUah.  (See  table  on  page 
40.)    (6)  What  is  an  "agricultural  experiment  station"  ? 

Stock  Raising,  (i)  Why  is  stock  raising  an  impor- 
tant feature  in  the  agriculture  of  Utah  ?  What  natural 
conditions  make  it  especially  fine  for  sheep  raising? 
(2)  How  does  Utah  rank  among  other  states  as  a  pro- 
ducer of  wool  ?  Can  you  mention  any  states  that  raise 
more?  What  connection  has  this  industry  with  Utah 
manufactures?  (Consult  Fig.  49.)  (3)  What  farm  ani- 
mals rank  next  to  the  sheep  in  importance?  (4)  Where 
are  the  dairying  interests  chiefly  located  ?  What  do 
you  know  about  bees  and  honey  in  yovir  state?  (In 
answering  the  questions  concerning  live  stock  consult 
Fig.  36  and  table  on  page  40.) 

Minerals  and  Mining,  (i)  Why  is  mining  the  great- 
est source  of  Utah's  wealth?     Tell  something  about  its 


THE  GEOGRAPHY  OF  UTAH 


43 


enormous  ore  deposits.  (In  Fig.  39  you  will  learn  in 
what  parts  of  the  state  the  different  minerals  are  located.) 
(2)  What  are  the  "precious  metals"?  How  does  Utah 
rank  among  other  states  in  their  production.'  (3)  How 
is  mining  usually  carried  on?  How  is  the  metal  sepa- 
rated from  the  ore?  (In  Figs.  41,  42,  44,  45,  and  46 
you  will  find  several  mining  processes  indicated.  Con- 
sult Fig.  43  for  the  value  of  the  principal  minerals  and 
page  40  for  the  value  of  the  total  production  for  twenty 
-five  years.)  (4)  What  is  the  extent  of  the  iron  and 
coal  deposits?  What  will  be  their  chief  value  to  the 
state?  (Consult  Fig.  39  and  table  on  page  40.)  (5) 
W^here  are  gilsonite  and  elaterite  found  ?  For  what  are 
they  used?  (6)  Xame  some  other  mineral  products  of 
your  state.  What  large  industry  depends  on  clay  ?  (7) 
Mention  some  kinds  of  building  stones  foimd  in  your 
state.      Of  what  is  the  temple  at  Salt  Lake  City  built? 

Manufactures,  (i)  Why  did  the  people  of  Utah  early 
start  manufacturing  industries?  Have  these  industries 
increased  rapidly?  (Fig.  47  shows  you  the  rate  of  prog- 
ress made.)  (2)  How  many  persons  and  what  per  cent 
of  the  population  are  engaged  in  these  industries  ?  (See 
Fig.  2g.)  (3)  What  two  resources  of  the  state  make 
extensive  manufacturing  possible?  (4)  Name  some 
of  the  chief  industries  of  your  state.  (5)  What  are 
the  leading  manufacturing  cities?  (Consult  tables  on 
page  41.) 

Transportation  and  Trade,  (i)  What  is  meant  by 
transportation?  How  many  kinds  of  transportation 
can  you  mention?  Upon  what  kind  is  Utah  wholly 
dependent?  (2)  What  was  the  condition  of  Utah 
before  the  railroads  were  built?  What  have  they  done 
for  the  state?  (3)  What  manufactured  articles  are 
shipped  over  the  railroads?  Learn  all  you  can  about 
railroad  construction.  (Figs.  51  and  52  show  two  of 
its  difiicult  features.) 

Government,  (i)  Can  you  tell  how  many  kinds  of 
government  there  are?  What  kind  is  discussed  in  this 
book?  (2)  Into  how  many  departments  is  the  state 
government    divided?      Xame    them.      How    is    Utah 


represented  in  the  general  government?  (3)  Find  out 
how  the  expenses  of  government  are  provided  for,  and 
what  is  meant  by  "assessed  valuation  of  property." 

State  Institutions  and  Education,  (i)  Xame  the  three 
classes  into  which  the  public  institutions  in  your  state 
are  divided.  (2)  Mention  some  features  of  the  public 
school  system.  (3)  Are  schools  of  mines  and  agricul- 
ture of  much  benefit  in  Utah?  Why?  (4)  Xame  the 
leading  pri\-ate  schools  in  your  state.  Also  the  leading 
state  schools.      (Consult  Fig.  56.) 

Population.  (i)  How  many  people  live  in  Utah? 
How  many  lived  there  fifty  years  ago?  What  part 
contains  most  of  the  people?  Why?  (See  Fig.  61.) 
(2)  How  does  Utah  rank  in  population  among  the 
states  of  the  LTnion?  (3)  What  is  meant  by  density  of 
population  ?  What  is  the  density  of  Utah  ?  How  does 
it  compare  with  Massachusetts,  X'ew  Jersey,  California, 
and  X'evada  ?  (4)  How  many  of  its  inhabitants  were 
bom  in  foreign  countries.  How  many  are  native  to 
the  state?  (Use  Figs.  58,  59,  and  60  in  answering  these 
qviestions.) 

Cities  and  Towns,  (i)  In  what  parts  of  the  state  do 
you  find  most  tjf  the  cities  and  towns?  Why?  (Con- 
sult the  population  map.  Fig.  61.)  Why  are  there 
more  small  towns  in  Utah  in  proportion  than  large 
ones?  Why  are  these  towns  generally  market  and 
trade  centers?  (2)  X'ame  the  principal  cities  of  Utah 
and  locate  them.  (3)  Why  is  Salt  Lake  City  the 
metropolis  of  the  state  ?  X'ame  some  of  its  interesting 
features,  and  describe  its  situation.  What  is  its  impor- 
tance as  a  manufacturing  city?  (4)  W^hat  rank  does 
Ogden  hold  in  the  state?  To  what  does  it  chiefly  owe 
its  importance ?  What  of  its  manufactures:  its  schools? 
(5)  Tell  something  about  its  great  electrical  plants. 
Mention  other  cities  in  the  state  that  have  large  elec- 
trical plants.  (6)  Give  some  distinguishing  feature  of 
Logan,  Provo,  Park  City,  Lehi,  Bingham  Canyon, 
Eureka,  and  St.  George.  (7)  X'ame  and  locate  the 
chief  mining  and  market  towns  in  the  state.  (8) 
What  city  was  once  the  capital  of  the  state? 


SUGGESTIONS  FOR  COLLATERAL  READING 


Bancroft,  History  of  Utah. 

Button,    Physical   Geology   of    Grand   Canyon    District 

(Geol.  St'.rvey  Ann.  2). 
Fremont,  Mentoirs  of  My  Life,  including  Five  Journeys 

of  Western  Exploration. 
Gannett,  Dictionary  of  Altitudes  (Geol.  Survey). 

Gazetteer  of  Utah   (Geol.  Survey,  Bulletin   166). 
Gilbert,   Geology  of  Henry  Mountains;  High   Plateaus 

of  Utah. 

History  of  Lake  Bomieville  (Geol.  Survev,  Ann.  2, 
M.  i). 
Nichols,  Mineral  Resources  of  Utah  (Pittsburg,  1872). 
Powell,  Exploration  of  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West 

and  its  Tributaries. 


Powell,  The  Arid  Lands. 
Russell,  History  of  Lake  Lahontan. 
State  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Report,  1905. 
Tullidge,  Flora  of  Utah,  in  Western  Galaxy. 

History  of  Salt  Lake  City. 
United  States  Geological  Survey. 

Geographical  Positions  in  Utah  (Ann.  21). 

Irrigation  in  Utah  (Bulletin  140). 

Lumber  Industry  (Ann.  19). 

Mineral  Resources,  igo6. 
United  States  Reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

Reports  on  Internal  Commerce. 
Whitney,  History  of  Utah. 

The  Making  of  a  State. 


THE  INDEX 


The  figures  inclosed  in  parentlieses  refer  to  illustrations,  all  other  fii^nres  refer  to  pages;  heavier  type  is  used  for  tite  more  important  references 


Abajo  Mountai: 
Admitted  into  Union,   xq. 
Agricultural  College,  31;  {Fis-  54). 

Agricultural    experiment    stations, 

31. 
Agriculture,      20-22 ;      occupation 


Alta,  35. 

American  Fork,  37. 
Animals,  18. 
Antelope  Island,  tS. 
Aquarius  Plateau,  11. 
Area,  original,  map  (Fig.  4),  10. 
Arid    farming,    21;  view    of    (Fig- 
Asphalt,  26. 

Basin  Ranges,  10. 

Bear  River,  15. 

Bear  River  Canyon  (Fig.  25),  20. 

Beaver  City,  38. 

Beet  sugar  industry,  27;  fac- 
tories, 27,  28;  crusher  (Fig.  ■;o). 
28.  factory  at  Lehi  (Fig.  71).  .^8. 

Bibhography,  43. 

Bingham  Canyon,  19,  35;  scenes 
in  (FiK^  41).  25,  and  (Figs.  42 
and  4?)-  -^f>- 

Bingham  Junction,  2^,  35;  smelter 
at  (FiK    4'').  27, 

Block  Mountains,  10,  11. 

Bountiful,  36. 

Brigham  City,  36. 

Brigham  Young,  18. 

Brighton,  35. 

Brinton,  ■, ;. 

Buckskin  Mountains  (Fig.  11).  i  ^ 

Building  Stone,  26,  27. 

Cache  Valley,  11,  15.  36. 
Castlegate,    38 ;    coal    mines    and 

coke  ovens  (Fig.  40),   25;  view 

near  (Fig.  73).  38. 
Cattle.   23;  grazing  (Fig.   3S),   24. 
Cedar  City,  24.  38. 
Cement,  26;  (Fig.  44),  a6. 
Centerville,  36- 
Clarkston,  36. 
Clay,  27. 
Climate,  16,  17. 
Coal,  19,  24,  25;  coal  mining  (Fig. 

40).  2 ^. 
Coal  Creek,  24. 
Coalville,  38. 
Collateral  Reading,  43. 
Colorado  Canyon,  10. 
Colorado  River,  10.  13. 
Copper  and  lead,  25. 
Copper  smelting,  27. 
Corinne,   ;f.. 
Cotton,  22. 


Exploration,  18;  map  (Fig.  24). 
I  Farm  products,  22;  statistics,  40. 
Farmington,  36. 
Ferron,  38. 
Fillmore  City.  38. 
First  settlers,  18,  19. 
Forested  areas,  17. 
Forest      reserves,      17,      23;  map 

(Fig.  2O.  18;  40. 
Fort  Douglas,  31. 
Fremont  River,  13. 
Frisco,  25, 

Fruit,  22;  orchard  (Fig.  35).  23. 
Fruit  crop,  22. 

Garfield,  25,  27.  35. 

Geology,  12. 

Glacial  Lakes,  12;  (Fig.  16),  14, 

Glaciers,  12. 

Gilbert  Peak.  ti. 

Gilsonite,  26. 

Gold  and  silver,  25. 

Goshen,  37. 

Government,  29,  30. 

Grand   River,    13;   scene   on   (Fig. 

13).  13. 
Granite,  2(), 
Grantsville,  35. 
Grazing,  23, 
Great  Basin, 


The 


drainage  of. 


Great  Salt  Lake,  15-17,  iS,  26,  28; 

pleasure  resort  on  (Fig.  17).  15; 

railroad    cut-off,     28;  salt    piles 

(Fig.  48).  27:  viewof  (Fig.  O,  7. 
Green    Rivec,    13;  scene    on    (Fig. 

15).  14. 
Gypsum,  26. 

Hay,  22;  map  (Fig.  2S).  21. 

Heber.  37. 

Henry  Mountains,  10. 

Henrys  Fork  River,  13- 

History,  18,  19;  explorations,  map 

(Fig.  24),  19. 
Honey,  23. 
Hooper,  36. 
Horses,  23. 
Horticulture,  22. 
"Hot  Pots,*'  37. 
Huntington,  38. 
Hyrum,  36. 


•O. 


map    (Fig. 


15.  21. 

Detritus,  I  ,>,.  14,  15.  I 

Distribution  of  cities  and  towns,  33.  ,  Kaysville,  36. 
Drainage,  i3-i5' 
Draper.  35, 
Dry  farming,  21. 
Duchesne  iSver,  13. 


Industrial  growth,  19. 

Iron,  25.  27  (Fig.  ,0).  25. 

Irrigated  farms,  20;  statistics,  41. 

Irrigating  canals,  19;  Bear  River 
irrigation  canal  (Fig.  25),  20. 

Irrigation,  19,  20;  field  of  sugar 
beets  (Fig.  27),  20:  fruit  or- 
chard (Fig.  35),  23-.  irrigated 
peach  orchard  (Fig.  26),  20. 

Jordan  River,  15. 
Joshua  tree,  17. 


Education,  30-32. 

Educational  institutions.  Agricul- 
tural College  (Fig.  ^4).  ^o.  Lat- 
ter Dav  Saints  University  (Fig. 
57).  32.  State  University  (Fig. 
.ss).  30- 

Educational  institutions,  leading, 
31;  map  (Fig.  5^').  3i- 

Elaterite,  26. 

Elevations,  40. 

Emmons  Peak,  1 1 . 

Ensign  Peak,  iS. 

Erosion,  12;  (Figs.  8  and  9),  12. 
(Fig.  11),  13. 

Escalante,  38. 

Escalante  iSver,  13. 

Eureka,  37;  view  of  (Fig.  72),  38. 

Evaporation,  15,  16,  17. 


Lake  Bonneville,  14,  15. 

Lake  Lucie  1  Fil;    I'l)    14 

Lake  Sevier.  15. 

La  Sal  Mountains,  10. 

Layton,  36. 

Lead,  25. 

Lehi,  27,  31,  37;  beet  sugar  fac- 
tory (Fig.  71).  38. 

Lewiston,  27.  36. 

Limestone,  27. 

Little  Cottonwood  Canyon,  14. 

Live  stock,  22-24;  statistics.  40. 

Logan,  27,  36;  Agricultural  Col- 
lege (Fig.  54).  30;  looking 
down  into  (Fig.  69),  37. 

Logan  River,  36. 

Lumber,  17. 

Manti,  27.  38. 

Manufactures,   27.   28;   (Fig.    47). 

27;  statistics,  41. 
Marble.  27. 


Marysvale,  38. 

Mercur,  25,  37. 

Mexican  onyx,  27. 

Midway,  37. 

Milford,  25. 

Miller,  35. 

Minerals      and      mining,      24-27 ; 

mineral     map     (Fig.     39),     25. 

value  of  (Fig.  43),  26;  produc- 

Mining.  24,  25,  28;  Bingham  dis- 
trict. 25;  (Fig.  41).  25;  (Figs. 
42  and  45).  26;  coal  mines. 
Castlegate  (Fig.  40).  25;  Park 
City  district,  25;  Silver  King 
mine  (Fig.  65),  35;  Tintic  di.s- 
trict,  25;  Eureka  (Fig.  72).  3^- 

Moab,  38. 

Monroe,  38. 

Mormon  immigration,  18. 

Mormons,  18,  19,  20. 

Moroni,  38. 

Mount  Lovenia,  12. 

Mount  Nebo,  37. 

Mt.  Pleasant,  38. 

Murray,  25,  35. 

Natural  bridge  (Fig.  O,  n. 
Nephi.  2f.,  38. 
North  Ogden,  30. 

Occupations  (Fig.  29),  21. 

Ogden,  25,  26.  28.  30.  3r,35i  36; 
map  01  (Fig.  66).  36;  Washing- 
ton Avenue  (Fig.  67).  36. 

Ogden  Canyon,  35. 

Ogden  Peak,   i^. 

Old  Jordan  mine,  19. 

Oquirrh  Mountains,  33.  35,  37. 

Ore  deposits,  19. 

Panguitch,  38. 

Paria  River,  1 3. 

Park  City,  35;  (Fig.  65).  35. 

Parowan,  38. 

Payson,  37- 

Physical  map  (Fig.  6),  n. 

Plain  City,   <6 

Plants  and  Animals,  17,  18. 

Pleasant  Grove,  37. 

Political  map  (Fig.  2),  8,  9. 

Population,    32;   density    of    (Fig. 

58),  ^2.  foreign-bom,  32;  (Fig. 

60).    i2\  native-bom,   32;   (Fig. 

59).    32;    statistics,    30:    urban 

population,  distribution  of,  map 

(Fig.  61  \  33. 
Population  of  Salt  Lake  City,  35. 
Poultry,  23. 
Price,  38. 
Price  River,  13;  scene  Price  River 

Canyon  (Fig.  73).  38. 
Promontory  Point,  28. 
Providence,  36. 
Provo,    14.   27,  37;  scene  in  (Fig. 

70),  37;  woolen  mills  (Fig.  49). 

Provo  Canyon,  37. 

Provo  River,  1  !^.  ^7. 

Provo  Valley,   15,    ^w.  Bridal  Veil 

Falls  (Fig,  12).  13. 
Public  schools,  30. 


33-35:  city 
county  building  (Fig.  63),  35; 
Federal  building  (Fig.  53).  29; 
Liberty  Park  (Fig.  62),  33:  map 
of  (Fig.  62),  34;  rainfall  at  (Figs. 
20  and  21),  16.  17;  State  uni- 
versity (Fig.  55),  30;  Temple 
and  tabernacle  (Fig.  64),  35- 

Salt  Lake  Valley,  19. 

Salt   piles.   Great   Salt    Lake   (Fig. 

Sandstone,  26. 
Sandy,  25,  35. 
San  Juan  River,  13. 
San  Rafael  River,  13. 
Santaquin,  37. 
Sevier  River,  15. 
Sevier  Valley,  26. 
Sheep,  23;  cotswold.  merino,  23. 
Sheep  raising,   23,   24;  map  (Fig. 
.V>),    24,  sheep   on   range    (Fig. 

Size  and  Location,  7. 

Smelting,  27;  smelter  (Fig.  46),  27. 

Smithfield,  36. 

Snake  River,  13,  14. 

Snowville,  1(1. 

Soils,  13. 

Spanish  Fork,  37. 

Spring  City,  38. 

Sprin^ville,  37. 

State  institutions,  30. 

Statistical  tables,  39-41 ;  by  coun- 
ties. 3q;  population  of  cities,  39; 
growth  and  rank.  39;  state  and 
country  of  birth,  39;  production 
of  minerals,  40;  coal  mined,  40; 
value  of  live  stock,  40;  value 
of  /arm  products,  40;  farm 
statistics,  40:  forest  reserves, 
40:  elevations.  40;  irrigation, 
41:  principal  manufacturing 
cities.  41 ;  leading  industries,  41 ; 
items  of  wealth.  41. 

St,  George,  16.  31.  38;  rainfall  at 
(Figs.  20  and  21),  16.  17. 

Sugar  beets,  22;  map  (Fig.  34),  23; 
thinning  beets  (Fig.  3i),  22. 

Sulphur,  26. 

Surface,  7-12. 


Temperature,  16; 

22). 


n,  map  (Fig. 


Timber,    17     trees,   17. 

Timpanogos  Peak  (Fig.  7)  u. 

Tokewanna  Peak,  12. 

Tooele,  35. 

Transportation  and  trade,  28, 
railroad    cut-ofT    (Fig.    =:i), 
railroad  in  Weber  Canvbn  (f 
5-0.    20. 

Tropical  fruits,  22. 

Uinta  Mountains,   10,   11.   12, 

glaciated  area  (Fig.   8),    12. 
University  of  Utah,  31   (Fig.   5 

30. 
Utah  Hot  Springs,  36. 
Utah  Lake,  15;  shore  of  (Fig.  i 

Utah  Valley,  38. 

Vegetation,  17. 
Vernal.  38. 
Virgin  River,  13- 


Railroad  mileage,  29. 

Railroads.  28,  29. 

Rainfall,   16;  average  monthly  at 

Salt   Lake  City  and  St.  George 

(Fig.  21),  17;  mean  annual  map 

(Fig.    19),    16;  average   at    Salt  ,  Wasatch  Plateau, 

Lake  Citv  and  St.  George  (Fig.       '     "  " 


Wasatch  Mountains,  7.  10,  11 


20). 

Relief  map  (Fig.  3),  10. 
Reservoirs,  20, 
Richfield,  38. 
Richmond,  36. 
Rivers,  12,  13. 
Riverton,  35. 
Rocky  Mountains,  7. 

Sagebrush,  i  7 

Salina,  2(k 

Salt.  26,  36. 

Saltair.  16;  (Fig.  17).  i 

Salt  Lake  City.  14.  i'>. 


Weathering  of  rock  (Fig.   10),   12. 

Weber  Canyon,  26. 

Weber  River,  15,  35;  view  of  (Fig. 

Weber    "Valley,      15;  railroad     in 

d-ij.'.      ^2).      20. 

Wellsville,  36. 

West  Jordan,  35. 

Wheat,  22.  map  (Fig.  30).  21. 

White  River,  r  ?. 

Willard,  36;  (Fig.  68),  37. 

Wilson  Peak,  n." 

Woods  Cross,  36. 

Wool,  24. 


[44] 


